Abstract 2

Executive summary 3

1. Introduction 4

2. From a high-level of understanding to a sectoral approach 5

  2.1. The Apply AI Strategy and the broader EU approach to AI policymaking 5

  2.2. Methodology to support a sectoral policy approach 6

3. Key characteristics of AI adoption in EU strategic sectors 9

  3.1. Economic relevance of the strategic sectors 9

  3.2. AI adoption 10

    3.2.1. Overall trends 10

    3.2.2. Use of AI technologies 12

    3.2.3. Purpose of AI technologies 13

    3.2.4. Acquisition of AI technologies 16

    3.2.5. Bottlenecks to AI adoption 19

  3.3. Key components of AI adoption 21

  3.4. Digitalisation and AI adoption 23

4. Summary and conclusions 25

References 27

List of abbreviations and definitions 28

List of figures 29

List of tables 30

Annexes 31

  Annex 1. Methodology to define and monitor the Apply AI strategic sectors 31

  Annex 2. Methodology for key dimensions of AI adoption 62

  Annex 3. AI adoption per sector 67