Introduction 1

The Rise of Malaysia’s Rare Earth Industry 3

Critical Minerals Regulation in Malaysia 4

Malaysia’s Export Bans on Raw Materials 4

The Battle for Social License to Operate in Malaysia and Combating Chinese State Influence 5

China and Malaysia: Long-Term Infrastructure Investments Yield Industrial Ties 6

Australia and Malaysia: Proven Defense and Rare Earth Partners 8

Japan and Malaysia: A Cornerstone Economic Partnership 9

United States and Malaysia: Transferring Technology Through Investment 10

Recommendations 11

Conclusion 15