1. Introduction 3

2. Incorporating Recurring Natural Disasters into DIGNAD 5

  2.1 Baseline DIGNAD Structure 6

  2.2 Extensions: What Is New in the Augmented DIGNAD? 7

3. Data and Calibration 11

  3.1 Annual Average Loss (AAL) as a Disaster Shock Metric 11

  3.2 Calibrating Adaptation Investment and Recovery Parameters 12

  3.3 Other Calibration Issues 15

4. Results and Analytical Implications 17

  4.1. Cross-Country Baseline and Adaptation Scenarios 17

  4.2. Country Case Studies: Philippines, Mauritania, and Barbados 23

    4.2.1 Philippines (Emerging Market Case) 23

    4.2.2. Mauritania (Low-Income Developing Country Case) 24

    4.2.3. Barbados (Small State Case) 25

5. Conclusions 26

References 30

Appendix I. Selection Criteria for countries with recurring ND 32