Foreword 3

Acknowledgements 4

Acronyms and Abbreviations 18

Executive Summary 21

1 Public support for farmers and consumers 25

  Global drivers of agricultural policies in 2025-26 27

  Overview of the evolution of support to agriculture 32

  Conclusions 50

  References 52

  Annex 1.A. Definition of OECD indicators of agricultural support 54

  Annex 1.B. Estimates of support to agriculture: Regional aggregates 60

2 Developments in agricultural policies and support by country 63

  Policies and responses to events in 2025-26 64

  Support levels and trends by country 76

  Conclusions 85

  Note 87

Country chapters 88

3 Argentina 89

  Main findings 89

  Policy landscape 95

  Recent policy developments 97

  Policy context 98

  References 106

  Notes 106

4 Australia 107

  Main findings 107

  Policy landscape 113

  Recent policy developments 115

  Policy context 118

  References 125

  Notes 126

5 Brazil 127

  Main findings 127

  Policy landscape 134

  Recent policy developments 135

  Policy context 137

  References 145

6 Canada 146

  Main findings 146

  Policy landscape 152

  Recent policy developments 155

  Policy context 158

  References 165

  Note 166

7 Chile 167

  Main findings 167

  Policy landscape 174

  Recent policy developments 175

  Policy context 176

  References 183

8 China 184

  Main findings 184

  Policy landscape 190

  Recent policy developments 191

  Policy context 196

  References 205

  Notes 205

9 Colombia 206

  Main findings 206

  Policy landscape 213

  Recent policy developments 214

  Policy context 215

  References 223

  Notes 223

10 Costa Rica 224

  Main findings 224

  Policy landscape 230

  Recent policy developments 232

  Policy context 234

  References 242

  Note 242

11 Egypt 243

  Main findings 243

  Policy landscape 250

  Recent policy developments 251

  Policy context 252

  References 260

12 European Union 262

  Main findings 262

  Policy landscape 270

  Recent policy developments 277

  Country snapshots 280

  Policy context 308

  References 317

  Notes 320

13 Iceland 321

  Main findings 321

  Policy landscape 328

  Recent policy developments 329

  Policy context 330

  References 337

14 India 338

  Main findings 338

  Policy landscape 344

  Recent policy developments 346

  Policy context 350

  References 359

  Notes 360

15 Indonesia 361

  Main findings 361

  Policy landscape 368

  Recent policy developments 371

  Policy context 373

  References 379

16 Israel 380

  Main findings 380

  Policy landscape 387

  Recent policy developments 388

  Policy context 391

  References 398

  Notes 398

17 Japan 399

  Main findings 399

  Policy landscape 406

  Recent policy developments 408

  Policy context 410

  References 419

  Notes 419

18 Kazakhstan 420

  Main findings 420

  Policy landscape 427

  Recent policy developments 428

  Policy context 430

  Reference 437

19 Korea 438

  Main findings 438

  Policy landscape 444

  Recent policy developments 445

  Policy context 447

  Reference 455

  Note 455

20 Mexico 456

  Main findings 456

  Policy landscape 464

  Recent policy developments 465

  Policy context 467

21 New Zealand 474

  Main findings 474

  Policy landscape 481

  Recent policy developments 484

  Policy context 486

  References 492

  Notes 492

22 Norway 494

  Main findings 494

  Policy landscape 501

  Recent policy developments 502

  Policy context 504

  References 510

23 Peru 511

  Main findings 511

  Policy landscape 518

  Recent policy developments 519

  Policy context 520

  Note 527

24 Philippines 528

  Main findings 528

  Policy landscape 535

  Recent policy developments 535

  Policy context 540

  References 548

  Note 550

25 South Africa 551

  Main findings 551

  Policy landscape 558

  Recent policy developments 560

  Policy context 562

  References 568

  Notes 569

26 Switzerland 570

  Main findings 570

  Policy landscape 578

  Recent policy developments 581

  Policy context 583

  References 591

  Notes 591

27 Türkiye 592

  Main findings 592

  Policy landscape 600

  Recent policy developments 602

  Policy context 605

  References 612

28 Ukraine 613

  Main findings 613

  Key indicators on agricultural support 615

  Policy landscape 620

  Recent policy developments 622

  Policy context 624

  References 632

  Notes 632

29 United Kingdom 633

  Main findings 633

  Policy landscape 640

  Recent policy developments 643

  Policy context 646

  References 652

30 United States 653

  Main findings 653

  Policy landscape 660

  Recent policy developments 661

  Policy context 664

  References 672

  Notes 673

31 Viet Nam 674

  Main findings 674

  Policy landscape 680

  Recent policy developments 681

  Policy context 684

  References 691

  Note 691

  Annex A. Sources and Definitions of Contextual Indicators 692