Acknowledgements 4

Foreword 5

Acronyms 12

Executive summary 14

1. Introduction 22

 1.1. Introduction 22

 1.2. Multi-hazard early warning systems as end-to-end systems22

  1.2.1. Definitions .22

  1.2.2. Pillars of multi-hazard early warning systems 23

 1.3. Preparation of this report 24

 1.4. Human and economic cost of disasters 24

 1.5. Early warning saves lives28

 1.6. MHEWS in the global context.29

 1.7. People-centred, trusted, accessible and inclusive MHEWS 30

 1.8. Progress towards achieving EW4All 33

2. Global status of MHEWS 38

 2.1. MHEWS coverage 39

  2.1.1. Global MHEWS coverage 39

  2.1.2. Regional variations in MHEWS coverage 41

  2.1.3. Variations in MHEWS coverage by country group. 41

  2.1.4. Variations in coverage by pillar. 47

 2.2. MHEWS comprehensiveness.47

  2.2.1. Global MHEWS comprehensiveness 47

  2.2.2. Regional variations in progress towards MHEWS comprehensiveness 49

  2.2.3. Variations in progress towards MHEWS comprehensiveness by country group 50

  2.2.4. Disaster risk knowledge and management. 52

  2.2.5. Detection, observations, monitoring, analysis and forecasting 60

  2.2.6. Warning dissemination and communication. 71

  2.2.7. Preparedness to respond to warnings 78

 2.3. Effectiveness of MHEWS83

  2.3.1. Emerging tools and methodologies 83

  2.3.2. Early warning analysis of events . 85

 2.4. Drivers of progress 88

  2.4.1. Governance 89

  2.4.2. Coordination and stakeholder engagement 93

  2.4.3. Communication, outreach and advocacy. 97

  2.4.4. Finance .100

  2.4.5. Monitoring and evaluation.103

  2.4.6. Technology and innovation 104

3. Progress in MHEWS scale up: programmes and initiatives 110

 3.1. Introduction .110

 3.2. Global initiatives110

  3.2.1. Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems .110

  3.2.2. Systematic Observations Financing Facility 111

  3.2.3. Risk-informed Early Action Partnership 112

  3.2.4. Anticipation Hub 112

  3.2.5. Partner2Connect 113

  3.2.6. Mobile for Development 113

 3.3. Regional and transboundary initiatives 114

  3.3.1. Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Africa and Asia114

  3.3.2. Water at the Heart of Climate Action 115

 3.4. Regional progress 115

  3.4.1. Africa 115

  3.4.2. Americas and the Caribbean118

  3.4.3. Arab States 122

  3.4.4. Asia and the Pacific.125

  3.4.5. Europe and Central Asia 127

4. Key findings and recommendations 134

References 147

Appendices154

 A. Overview of data used in the report 154

 B. Potential data and metadata on Belém Adaptation Indicators relevant to Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 156

 C. Country mapping 159