Title page

Contents

PREFACE 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6

CHAPTER ONE: UNDERSTANDING CHINA'S STRATEGY 18

CHAPTER TWO: CHINA'S FORCES, CAPABILITIES, AND POWER PROJECTION 62

CHAPTER THREE: OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITIES ON CHINA'S PERIPHERY 120

CHAPTER FOUR: THE PLA'S GROWING GLOBAL PRESENCE 150

CHAPTER FIVE: RESOURCES & TECHNOLOGY FOR FORCE MODERNIZATION 164

CHAPTER SIX: U.S.-PRC DEFENSE CONTACTS AND EXCHANGES 172

SPECIAL TOPIC: PRC VIEWS ON STRATEGIC STABILITY 175

SPECIAL TOPIC: PRC VIEWS OF INFORMATION AND INFORMATION DOMINANCE 177

SPECIAL TOPIC: PLA'S EXPANDED MILITARY DIPLOMACY 180

APPENDIX I: PRC AND TAIWAN FORCES DATA 182

APPENDIX II: DEFENSE CONTACTS AND EXCHANGES 185

APPENDIX III: SELECTED PLA BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL EXERCISES IN 2021 186

APPENDIX IV: ABBREVIATIONS 187