Title page 1

Contents 6

Foreword 2

Executive summary 4

1. Introduction 8

2. Scope, methodology and research design 12

3. Updated commonalities, developments and trends among the 50 largest services regarding CSEA 17

4. Commonalities, developments and trends among services on the intensive list regarding CSEA 32

5. Global co-operation and technology solutions to combat CSEA 40

6. Update on CSEA-related laws and regulations 46

7. Conclusion 56

Annex A. List of 50 largest global online content-sharing services 57

Annex B. Profiles of the 50 largest services 61

Annex C. List of 50 CSEA-intensive Services 205

Annex D. Profiles of 50 CSEA-intensive services 208

Annex E. Definitions 268

References 269

Endnotes 288

Tables 6

Table 3-1. Approaches to defining CSEA and related concepts among the 50 largest services 18

Table 3-2. Services whose policies do and do not define "child" or "minor" in their CSEA polices 20

Table 3-3. Services that issue TRs on CSEA 20

Table 3-4. Metrics included with TRs 22

Table 3-5. Regulatory-specific TRs issued by selected services from the 50 largest list 27

Table 3-6. 50 largest services' provision of information on detection and prevention methods 28

Table 3-7. Services that provide notification and/or appeals mechanisms 30

Table 4-1. Groupings of services in the CSEA-intensive list 33

Table 4-2. Approaches to defining CSEA among intensive services 34

Table 4-3. Defining CSEA by service type 35

Table 4-4. CSEA-intensive services that issue TRs 35

Table 4-5. Services that issue a TR, by service type 36

Table 4-6. CSEA-intensive services' provision of information on detection and prevention methods 37

Table 4-7. CSEA-intensive services that provide notification and/or appeal mechanisms 38

Figures 7

Figure 2-1. Steps for compiling profiles of each service 15

Figure 4-1. Largest vs CSEA-intensive lists 32