Contents 1

GenAI is widely but unevenly used in higher education 1

GenAI adoption is experimental and reliant on individual initiative 5

1. Reliance on free and general consumer-oriented GenAI tools 5

2. Lack of institutional guidance and support 6

3. Use patterns focus on task completion rather than learning and on accelerating workflows without transforming pedagogy 6

Emerging policy responses 7

I. Providing guidance on responsible use of GenAI 7

II. Developing common approaches to compliance and procurement 8

III. Developing GenAI competence 9

IV. Supporting evidence collection and pilot evaluation 10

V. Supporting development of specialised GenAI tools for higher education 11

References 12

Figure 1. Share of students in Europe that used GenAI in the last three months, 2025 2

Figure 2. Use of GenAI across higher education 4

Boxes 7

Box 1. OECD Insights on the effective use of GenAI in education 7