Title page 1

Contents 1

Executive summary 1

1. Introduction 2

2. How energy governance is organised in Europe 4

3. Fragmentation and shortcomings of the current architecture 6

3.1. Lack of transparency 6

3.2. Uncoordinated infrastructure planning 7

3.3. Weak political coordination 9

4. Recommendations 12

4.1. Open data and modelling 12

4.2. An improved infrastructure planning process 14

4.3. Credible and effective political coordination 15

5. Conclusions 15

References 16

Figures 3

Figure 1. Geographic variations in wind and solar power in Europe 3

Figure 2. Depiction of the EU’s energy cross-border infrastructure planning processes 5

Figure 3. Total EU electricity demand projection for 2030 in different energy planning exercises 8

Figure 4. Interconnector targets and capacity of the five largest EU countries 9

Figure 5. Electricity import dependencies, 2024 11

Figure 6. Schematic proposal for an open and coherent energy system planning process 14

Boxes 3

Box 1. The benefits of an integrated energy system 3

Box 2. The political hurdles of further integration 10