국가전략정보포털

Title page

Contents

Foreword 8

Acknowledgments 10

Advisory Board 12

The GII Partners 14

GII 2022 at a glance 19

Global leaders in innovation in 2022 20

Global Innovation Index 2022 rankings 21

Innovation performance at different income levels, 2022 22

Key takeaways 23

Global Innovation Tracker 26

Global Innovation Tracker Dashboard 27

Science and innovation investments 28

Technological progress 35

Technology adoption 37

Socioeconomic impact 39

Conclusion 40

GII 2022 results 43

The GII 2022 innovation leaders 44

A changing global innovation landscape 47

Innovation overperformers 48

The persistent regional innovation divide 50

Creating balanced and efficient innovation ecosystems 55

Conclusion 57

Cluster ranking 58

The GII 2022 top 100 science and technology clusters 59

S&T intensity of the top 100 clusters 63

Special theme 65

What is the future of innovation-driven growth: Productivity stagnation or revival? 66

GII 2022 Economy profiles 90

Framework of the Global Innovation Index 2022 91

How to read the Economy profiles 92

Economy profiles 94

Albania 94

Algeria 95

Angola 96

Argentina 97

Armenia 98

Australia 99

Austria 100

Azerbaijan 101

Bahrain 102

Bangladesh 103

Belarus 104

Belgium 105

Benin 106

Bosnia and Herzegovina 107

Botswana 108

Brazil 109

Brunei Darussalam 110

Bulgaria 111

Burkina Faso 112

Burundi 113

Cambodia 114

Cameroon 115

Canada 116

Chile 117

China 118

Colombia 119

Costa Rica 120

Cote d'Ivoire 121

Croatia 122

Cyprus 123

Czech Republic 124

Denmark 125

Dominican Republic 126

Ecuador 127

Egypt 128

El Salvador 129

Estonia 130

Ethiopia 131

Finland 132

France 133

Georgia 134

Germany 135

Ghana 136

Greece 137

Guatemala 138

Guinea 139

Honduras 140

Hong Kong, China 141

Hungary 142

Iceland 143

India 144

Indonesia 145

Iran (Islamic Republic of) 146

Iraq 147

Ireland 148

Israel 149

Italy 150

Jamaica 151

Japan 152

Jordan 153

Kazakhstan 154

Kenya 155

Kuwait 156

Kyrgyzstan 157

Lao People's Democratic Republic 158

Latvia 159

Lithuania 160

Luxembourg 161

Madagascar 162

Malaysia 163

Mali 164

Malta 165

Mauritania 166

Mauritius 167

Mexico 168

Mongolia 169

Montenegro 170

Morocco 171

Mozambique 172

Myanmar 173

Namibia 174

Nepal 175

Netherlands 176

New Zealand 177

Nicaragua 178

Niger 179

Nigeria 180

North Macedonia 181

Norway 182

Oman 183

Pakistan 184

Panama 185

Paraguay 186

Peru 187

Philippines 188

Poland 189

Portugal 190

Qatar 191

Republic of Korea 192

Republic of Moldova 193

Romania 194

Russian Federation 195

Rwanda 196

Saudi Arabia 197

Senegal 198

Serbia 199

Singapore 200

Slovakia 201

Slovenia 202

South Africa 203

Spain 204

Sri Lanka 205

Sweden 206

Switzerland 207

Tajikistan 208

Thailand 209

Togo 210

Trinidad and Tobago 211

Tunisia 212

Turkiye 213

Uganda 214

Ukraine 215

United Arab Emirates 216

United Kingdom 217

United Republic of Tanzania 218

United States of America 219

Uruguay 220

Uzbekistan 221

Viet Nam 222

Yemen 223

Zambia 224

Zimbabwe 225

Appendix I. The Global Innovation Index's rationale and origins, its conceptual framework and data limitations 227

Appendix II. Joint Research Centre (JRC) statistical audit of the 2022 Global Innovation Index 232

Appendix III. Sources and definitions 236

Appendix IV. Global Innovation Index science and technology cluster methodology 258

Table 1. R&D and revenue growth of the top global corporate R&D spenders, 2018-2021 31

Table 2. 10 best-ranked economies by income group (rank) 48

Table 3. Innovation Achievers in 2022: Income group, region and years as an innovation achiever 50

Table 4. Heatmap: GII 2022 rankings overall and by innovation pillar 52

Table 5. GII 2022 rankings in Sub-Saharan Africa 54

Table 6. Top S&T cluster of each economy or cross-border region, rank among the top 100, 2022 60

Table 7. Economies with three or more top 100 S&T clusters, 2022 62

Table 8. Top S&T clusters in extended ranking, economies not covered in top 100, 2022 62

Table 9. Top S&T clusters by S&T intensity, 2022 64

Table 10. Average productivity growth by sectors, 1996-2019 72

Table 11. Deep Science wave impacts in four fields 77

Table 12. Promising new technologies identified by sector 78

Table 13. Innovation diffusion, adoption and international catch-up: drivers and barriers 80

Figure 1. Global leaders in innovation in 2022 20

Figure 2. Global Innovation Index 2022 rankings 21

Figure 3. Innovation performance at different income levels, 2022 22

Figure 4. Global Innovation Tracker 27

Figure 5/Figure 1. The usual correlation of R&D and GDP growth, 2000-2023 29

Figure 6/Figure 2. Government budget allocations for R&D, 2019, 2020 and 2021 30

Figure 7/Figure 3. R&D expenditure and revenue totals of top global corporate R&D spenders, by industry and year, 2018-2021 31

Figure 8/Figure 4. Share of top corporate R&D spenders reporting R&D expenditure increases, 2019-2021 32

Figure 9/Figure 5. Corporate R&D expenditure, selected top R&D spenders worldwide, annual R&D expenditure, 2020 vs 2021 33

Figure 10/Figure 6. Value of VC deals by region, three-point moving average, 1997-2022 (top), and growth in value of VC deals, by region, 2020-2022 (bottom) 35

Figure 11/Figure 7. Electric battery price and electric vehicle stock share, 2010-2021 36

Figure 12/Figure 8. Stock of industrial robots and year-on-year growth rate, 2000-2020 38

Figure 13/Figure 9. Movement in the GII, top 10, 2018-2022 45

Figure 14/Figure 10. Global leaders in innovation in 2022 46

Figure 15/Figure 11. The positive relationship between innovation and development 49

Figure 16/Figure 12. Innovation input to output performance, 2022 55

Figure 17/Figure 13. Real GDP per capita levels at the frontier, 1300-2021 67

Figure 18/Figure 14. Labor productivity growth, 1871-2021 68

Figure 19/Figure 15. Slowdown in GDP per capita growth in OECD economies, 1950-2021 69

Figure 20/Figure 16. Slowdown in labor productivity growth, 1950s-2010s 69

Figure 21/Figure 17. Regional labor productivity differentials, 2020 or earlier 72

Figure 22/Figure 18. Labor productivity growth rate, selected countries, 2000-2007 and 2011-2018 73

Figure 23/Figure 19. Global GDP per hour worked, 2011-2022 74

Figure 24/Figure 20. Past and future innovation waves from the 19th through the 21st century 75

Figure 25/Figure 21. Investment in ICT equipment, 1995-2021 76

Figure 26/Figure 22. Productivity levels in selected major economies between 1970 and 2021 81

Figure 27/Figure 23. Labor productivity relative to the United States 81

Figure 28. Framework of the Global Innovation Index 2022 91

Boxes

Box 1. The United States continues to lead in several key innovation indicators. Singapore, China, Hong Kong (China) and Israel follow 47

Box 2. What is the recipe for improving an economy's innovation performance as measured by the GII? 56

Maps

Map 1. Top 100 clusters worldwide, 2022 59

Map 2. Top S&T clusters, United States and China, 2022 61

Map 3. European S&T clusters by intensity 63

Box Tables

Box Table 1. Economies with the most top-ranked GII indicators, 2022 47

Appendix Table 1. Changes to the GII 2022 framework 229

Appendix Table 2. GII 2022 and Input/Output Sub-Indices: Ranks and 90 percent confidence intervals 234

Appendix Table 3. Top 100 S&T clusters, 2022 260

Appendix Table 4. Ranking of S&T intensity, 2016-2020 262

Appendix Table 5. Summary of geocoding results 264

Appendix Boxes

Appendix Box 1. History of the GII (2007-2022) 227