Title page

Contents

Acknowledgments 4

Executive Summary 8

1. Introduction 12

2. Literature Review and Framework 14

2.1. Framing the Challenge 17

3. Building the Geopolitical Map of Green Hydrogen Industrial Applications 20

4. The Potential for Industrial Applications of Green Hydrogen in Ammonia, Methanol, and Steel Production 22

4.1. The Geopolitical Potential for Green Hydrogen-Based Ammonia Production 22

4.2. The Geopolitical Potential for Green Hydrogen-Based Methanol Production 24

4.3. The Geopolitical Potential for Green Hydrogen-Based Steel Production 25

4.4. The Geopolitical Potential for Green Hydrogen Industrial Applications 26

5. Case Studies-Opportunities and Challenges 27

5.1. The United States-a Frontrunner 27

5.2. Thailand-a Potential Upgrader Driving Green Industrialization 28

5.3. Germany-an Import-Dependent Decarbonizing Industrial Power 29

6. Geopolitical and Market Implications 31

7. Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 35

8. Literature 37

Table 1. Key criteria for assessing countries' roles in value chains for green hydrogen applications 18

Figure 1. Green hydrogen value chain segments for industrial applications 15

Figure 2. Geopolitical map of green ammonia production potential 23

Figure 3. Country potential for methanol production based on green hydrogen 24

Figure 4. Country potential for steel production based on green hydrogen 25

Figure 5. Country potential for at least two industrial green hydrogen applications 26

Figure 6. Projected green hydrogen production in Germany and import needs (Prognos et al., 2021, p. 23) 29