국가전략정보포털

Title page

Contents

Abstract / Resume 4

1. Introduction 7

1.1. Related Literature 9

2. The survey 11

2.1. Survey data collection and sample 11

2.2. The questionnaire 12

2.3. Outline of the analysis 16

3. Knowledge about climate change 17

3.1. Knowledge across countries 17

3.2. Who has better knowledge? 18

3.3. Expectations about climate change 20

3.4. Willingness to adopt climate-friendly behaviours 20

4. Support for climate action across and within countries 21

4.1. Support for different types of policies 21

4.2. Cross-country comparison 23

4.3. Individual characteristics correlated with support for climate policies 24

5. Reasoning about climate policies 26

5.1. Perceived distributional and efficiency impacts across countries 26

5.2. How do different groups of respondents reason about climate policies? 28

6. What reasoning underlies support for climate policies? 30

6.1. Factors correlated with policy support 30

6.2. Information and pedagogical treatments 32

7. Conclusion 35

References 37

Annex A 41

Appendix 46

A-1. Variable Definition 49

A-2. Data collection and survey information 57

A-2.1. Data collection 57

A-2.2. Data quality 57

A-3. Additional figures 59

A-4. Regression tables 80

A-5. Questionnaire 91

A-6. Robustness checks 109

A-6.1. Treatment effects among attentive respondents 109

A-6.2. Main results on different samples 109

A-7. Data sources 117

A-7.1. References 117

A-7.1.1. Computations of the country-specific cash transfers 117

A-7.2. Quotas 117

A-7.2.1. Detailed Regional Brackets 117

A-7.2.2. Detailled urban-rural categories 121

A-7.2.3. Detailed education brackets 123

A-7.2.4. Detailed voting categories 125

A-7.3. Correct answers to knowledge questions 129

Appendix References 130

Table 1. The 20 countries covered in the survey 8

Figure 1. Share of respondents who somewhat to strongly agree that "Climate change is an important problem" and that their country "should take... 8

Figure 2. Survey outline 13

Figure 3. Climate video 15

Figure 4. Knowledge about climate change (share of correct answers) 17

Figure 5. Who has better knowledge about climate change? 19

Figure 6. Share of people willing to adopt climate-friendly behaviours 21

Figure 7. Share of respondents who support climate change policies (somewhat to strongly) 22

Figure 8. Which respondents support climate action? 25

Figure 9. Perceived characteristics of the main policies 27

Figure 10. How different groups perceive the effectiveness and distributional effects of the three main climate policies 29

Figure 11. Reasons underlying support for main climate policies 31

Figure 12. Effects of the Treatment on Support for Climate Action 33

Figure 13. Effects of the treatments on beliefs 34

Annex Tables

Table A.1. Summary Statistics - High-income countries 1 41

Table A.2. Summary Statistics - High-income countries 2 42

Table A.3. Summary Statistics - High-income countries 3 43

Table A.4. Summary Statistics - Middle-income countries 1 44

Table A.5. Summary Statistics - Middle-income countries 2 45

Table A1. Correlation between knowledge and individual characteristics 81

Table A2. Correlation between Knowledge index and individual characteristics in high-income countries 82

Table A3. Correlation between Knowledge index and individual characteristics in middle-income countries 83

Table A4. Correlation between support for the main climate policies and individual characteristics 84

Table A5. Correlation between Support for main climate policies index and individual characteristics in high-income countries 85

Table A6. Correlation between Support for main climate policies index and individual characteristics in middle-income countries 86

Table A7. Correlation between support for the three main climate policies and beliefs 87

Table A8. Correlation between Support for main climate policies index and beliefs in high-income countries 87

Table A9. Correlation between Support for main climate policies index and beliefs in middle-income countries 88

Table A10. Effects of the treatments on support for climate action 88

Table A11. Effects of the treatments on main outcomes - High-income countries 89

Table A12. Effects of the treatments on main outcomes - Middle-income countries 90

Table A13. Effects of the treatments on support for climate action, among respondents who respond correctly to at least one of the comprehension questions 109

Table A14. Correlation between knowledge and individual characteristics on the extended sample 110

Table A15. Correlation between support for the main climate policies and individual characteristics on the extended sample 111

Table A16. Correlation between Support for main climate policies index and individual characteristics in high-income countries on the extended sample 112

Table A17. Correlation between Support for main climate policies index and individual characteristics in middle-income countries on the extended sample 113

Table A18. Correlation between knowledge or support for the main climate policies and beliefs on the extended sample 114

Table A19. Effects of the treatments on support for climate action on the extended sample 114

Table A20. Attrition analysis 115

Table A21. Balance analysis 116

Figure A1. Distribution of duration of responses 58

Figure A2. Correlation between perceptions and reality 60

Figure A3. Expectations about the future 61

Figure A4. Share of non-indifferent respondents who support policies (somewhat or strongly) 62

Figure A5. Support for variants of the ban on combustion-engine cars 63

Figure A6. Share of respondents who find the following sources of funding appropriate for public investments in green infrastructure? (Multiple answers possible) 64

Figure A7. Support for main climate policies 65

Figure A8. Share who support the main climate policies by socioeconomic, energy usage characteristics, and treatment group in high-income countries 66

Figure A9. Share who support the main climate policies by socioeconomic, energy usage characteristics, and treatment group in middle-income countries 67

Figure A10. Correlation between indifference towards the main climate policies and socioeconomic and energy usage characteristics 68

Figure A11. Correlation between support for the other climate policies and socioeconomic and energy usage characteristics 69

Figure A12. Perceived characteristics of a ban on combustion-engine cars 70

Figure A13. Perceived characteristics of a carbon tax with cash transfers 71

Figure A14. Perceived characteristics of a green infrastructure program 72

Figure A15. Share of respondents who hold key beliefs about the main climate policies by socioeconomic characteristics, energy usage, and treatment... 73

Figure A16. Share of respondents who hold key beliefs about the main climate policies by socioeconomic characteristics, energy usage, and treatment... 75

Figure A17. Beliefs underlying policy support, views on fairness, and willingness to change behaviors 77

Figure A18. Climate attitudes by treatment group 78

Figure A19. Effects of the treatments on the support for a carbon tax depending on the use of its revenue 79