국가전략정보포털

Title page

Contents

Highlights 3

Introduction 9

1. Why CCUS? 12

2. Carbon Capture 14

2.1. Status of carbon capture technology 14

2.2. Current deployment of carbon capture 17

2.3. Key challenges to widespread deployment 23

2.4. Policy options 28

3. Utilization of Captured CO₂ 29

3.1. Status of CO₂ utilization technology 29

3.2. Overview of CO₂ conversion pathways 30

3.3. CO₂ conversion products 32

3.4. Challenges to deployment of CO₂ conversion technologies 37

3.5. Policy options 42

4. Transport, Storage, and Infrastructure 43

4.1. Transport 43

4.2. Storage 44

4.3. Challenges affecting infrastructure development 47

4.4. Shared infrastructure 49

4.5. Policy options 52

5. Economic Incentives 53

5.1. Economic and financial conditions for CCUS 53

5.2. Key current incentives 55

5.3. Carbon pricing mechanisms 61

5.4. Policy options 63

6. Community Acceptance and Engagement 64

6.1. Key factors influencing community acceptance of CCUS 64

6.2. Importance of community engagement 67

6.3. Policy options 70

7. Agency and Expert Comments 71

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 73

Appendix II: Expert Participation 77

Appendix III: Technical Descriptions of Carbon Capture 79

Appendix IV: Department of Energy Definitions and Descriptions of Technology Readiness Levels 82

Appendix V: Technical Descriptions of Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Conversion Pathways 84

Appendix VI: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 86

Table 1. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO₂) from point sources 14

Table 2. Assessment of carbon capture systems 16

Table 3. Assessment of key gas separation technologies 17

Table 4. Ease of capture for carbon dioxide (CO₂) sources from selected industrial sectors 18

Table 5. Large-scale point-source carbon capture and storage projects planned in selected sectors 25

Table 6. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture 26

Table 7. Summary of selected carbon dioxide (CO₂) conversion pathways 31

Table 8. Comparison of selected carbon dioxide (CO₂)-based products 32

Table 9. Summary of carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO₂ 54

Table 10. Selected current approaches to incentivize CCUS deployment 55

Table 11. Selected changes to Internal Revenue Code 45Q in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 58

Table 12. Use of community engagement practices by select carbon capture and storage projects 69

Table 13. Examples of gas separation technologies and their technology readiness level (TRL) 80

Table 14. Department of Energy technology readiness levels (TRL) (2011) 82

Figure 1. Components of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) 9

Figure 2. Example schematic of technology readiness levels 15

Figure 3. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities 18

Figure 4. Capacity of direct air capture facilities 23

Figure 5. Timeline for point-source carbon capture and storage demonstration projects 24

Figure 6. Estimated costs to capture one metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO₂) by sector 27

Figure 7. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) utilization pathways and products 30

Figure 8. Example of a clean hydrogen hub integrated with carbon dioxide (CO₂) conversion 39

Figure 9. Current and estimated carbon dioxide (CO₂) pipelines in the U.S. by 2050 44

Figure 10. Potential storage and emitting facilities from selected industrial sectors 45

Figure 11. Estimated storage costs per ton of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in seven U.S. regions 46

Figure 12. Optimistic timeline to develop and deploy carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture, transport, and storage infrastructure 47

Figure 13. Combined carbon dioxide (CO₂) transport and storage costs in the U.S. 49

Figure 14. Notional representation of pipeline networks 50

Figure 15. Potential locations for carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) hubs 51

Figure 16. Timeline of changes to section 45Q of the Internal Revenue Code and carbon capture and storage project deployment or announcement 56

Figure 17. Job creation from carbon capture facility retrofits in different industries 66