국가전략정보포털

Title page

Contents

Executive Summary 3

Legislative Language 6

Foreword 10

Introduction 12

A: National Decarbonization Goals 17

H2@Scale Enabler for Deep Decarbonization 20

Hydrogen Production and Use in the United States 23

Opportunities for Clean Hydrogen to Support Net-Zero 26

Barriers to Achieving the Benefits of Clean Hydrogen 36

B: Strategies to Enable the Benefits of Clean Hydrogen 40

Strategy 1: Target Strategic, High-Impact Uses of Hydrogen 42

Hydrogen in industrial applications 43

Hydrogen in transportation 46

Power sector applications 50

Carbon Intensity of Hydrogen Production 53

Strategy 2: Reduce the Cost of Clean Hydrogen 55

Hydrogen Production Through Water Splitting 57

Hydrogen Production from Fossil Fuels with Carbon Capture and Storage 59

Hydrogen Production from Biomass and Waste Feedstocks 62

Other System Costs 63

Strategy 3: Focus on Regional Networks 65

Regional production potential 68

Regional storage potential 70

Regional end-use potential 72

Supporting Each Strategy 75

C: Guiding Principles and National Actions 77

Guiding Principles 77

Actions Supporting the National Clean Hydrogen Strategy and Roadmap 80

Actions and Milestones for the Near, Mid, and Long-term 86

Phases of Clean Hydrogen Development 91

Collaboration and Coordination 96

Conclusion 100

Acknowledgments 101

Glossary of Acronyms 105

References 108

Table 1. Key Program Targets 2022-2036 76

Table 2. Examples of regulatory activities by U.S. agencies relevant to hydrogen production, storage, and delivery 83

Table 3. Examples of regulatory activities by U.S. agencies relevant to end-use of hydrogen 85

Table 4. Emerging priorities for strengthened global collaboration 97

Figure 1. U.S. economy-wide net greenhouse gas emissions. A net-zero system will require transformative technologies to be deployed across sectors 17

Figure 2. U.S. net greenhouse gas emissions projected to 2050 (horizontal bars), relative to national goals to enable a clean grid and net zero emissions... 18

Figure 3. DOE's H2@Scale initiative to enable decarbonization across sectors using clean hydrogen 20

Figure 4. The range of hydrogen's role in final energy use according to global and regional estimates shows a wide range of applications in each sector 21

Figure 5. The opportunity for clean hydrogen in the United States 22

Figure 6. Consumption of hydrogen in the United States by end-use in 2021 23

Figure 7. Examples of hydrogen and fuel cell technology deployments in the United States 24

Figure 8. Examples of hydrogen production technology deployments in the United States. The scale of production capacity is approximately indicated by the... 25

Figure 9. Current and emerging demands for hydrogen 27

Figure 10. Willingness to pay, or threshold price, for clean hydrogen in several current and emerging sectors (including production, delivery, and... 29

Figure 11. Scenarios showing estimates of potential clean hydrogen demand in key sectors of transportation, industry, and the grid, assuming hydrogen... 30

Figure 12. Deployments of clean hydrogen to decarbonize industry, transportation, and the power grid can enable 10 MMT/year of demand by 2030,... 31

Figure 13. Ranges in potential hydrogen demand in five key sectors: transportation, biofuels and power-to-liquid fuels, industry, blending, and energy storage... 34

Figure 14. Stakeholder identification of potential barriers preventing widespread public acceptance and market adoption of hydrogen in the United States 36

Figure 15. The status of production, delivery and dispensing, and onboard storage costs relative to the cost projection for high-volumes and the ultimate... 38

Figure 16. The national strategies for clean hydrogen and the Department of Energy's Hydrogen Program mission and context 40

Figure 17. Hydrogen energy storage systems involve the use of electrolyzers to produce hydrogen from excess power on the grid, bulk storage, followed by... 51

Figure 18. The Hydrogen Shot targets build on progress for a variety of pathways, enabling a range of use cases and impacts 56

Figure 19. Achieving $1/kg using electrolyzers requires lower electricity cost, significantly lower capital costs, improvement in efficiency and durability,... 57

Figure 20. Reducing electrolyzer capital costs will require reaching economies of scale and innovating the electrolyzer stack and balance-of-plant components 58

Figure 21. There are many drivers for electrolyzer stack and balance-of-plant capital cost reductions 59

Figure 22. Hydrogen production units and pipelines for hydrogen and natural gas in the United States 60

Figure 23. Cost reductions necessary to achieve $1/kg production cost for methane feedstocks with CCS. Baseline assumes autothermal reforming with CCS 61

Figure 24. Examples of cost drivers for hydrogen production, distribution, and storage technologies 64

Figure 25. Examples of regions identified by responses to the Hydrogen Shot Request for Information (RFI) 66

Figure 26. Critical elements of successful clean hydrogen hubs and key outcomes 67

Figure 27. Production Potential of Hydrogen Across the United States 68

Figure 28. Production potential for clean hydrogen from onshore wind, utility-scale photovoltaic solar power, offshore wind, concentrated solar power,... 69

Figure 29. Underground storage opportunities in the United States 71

Figure 30. Potential locations for CCS based on geologic formations and existing hydrogen and ammonia plants in the United States 72

Figure 31. Industrial clusters in the United States create potential regions for decarbonization hubs 73

Figure 32. Existing hydrogen and ammonia production plants and potential wind energy resources in the United States 74

Figure 33. Existing hydrogen and ammonia production plants and nuclear energy plants in the United States 74

Figure 34. Foundational and crosscutting efforts will support the entire lifecycle of activities at DOE, from basic research through large-scale deployment 75

Figure 35. Eight guiding principles for the development of clean hydrogen production, transport, delivery, storage, and use 77

Figure 36. Timeline for key hydrogen provisions in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law 81

Figure 37. The regulatory landscape involves a suite of federal and local regulators who may oversee each segment of the hydrogen value chain 82

Figure 38. The national action plan for clean hydrogen 86

Figure 39. Clean hydrogen will be developed in waves, based on the relative attractiveness in each end-use application 91

Figure 40. A suite of tools and models support systems analysis work from fundamental model validation and techno-economic work, to planning, optimization,... 95