Contents

Current biodiversity status 11

Protection and restoration 13

Drivers of biodiversity loss 18

Changes in land and sea use 18

Direct exploitation of organisms 19

Climate change 28

Pollution 29

Invasive alien species (IAS) 31

Funding, mainstreaming and governance framework 32

Research, innovation and education 34

Post-2020 global biodiversity framework, international action, trade and ocean governance 35

Implementation and enforcement of nature legislation 41