Title page

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6

RESEARCH METHODS AND DEFINITIONS 10

SECTION 1. SETTING OUT THE CHALLENGES WITH OUR CURRENT APPROACH TO PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY 11

SECTION 2. SETTING OUT THE KEY NEEDS OF VULNERABLE YOUNG PEOPLE AND FAMILIES 24

SECTION 3. THE ECONOMIC COSTS OF SILOED SERVICES FOR VULNERABLE YOUNG PEOPLE AND FAMILIES 31

SECTION 4. RECOMMENDATIONS - TOWARDS A NEW CITIZEN-CENTRED PUBLIC SERVICE DESIGN 37

CONCLUSION 49

ANNEX: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 50

TABLE 1. COSTS TO THE EXCHEQUER FROM VULNERABLE CHILDREN AND THEIR FAMILIES DUE TO A LACK OF JOINED-UP SERVICES 33

TABLE 2. OUTLINE OF LONGER-TERM COSTS RESULTING FROM ADDITIONAL CARE LEAVERS DUE TO A LACK OF JOINED-UP SERVICES 35

FIGURE 1. THE PREVENTATIVE STATE 12

FIGURE 2. THEORY OF CHANGE 14

FIGURE 3. REAL TERMS IN SPENDING ON CHILDREN'S SERVICES, BY STAGE OF INTERVENTION (2021-22 PRICES) 17

FIGURE 4. HOUSEHOLDS AND CHILDREN IN TEMPORARY ACCOMMODATION IN ENGLAND 20

FIGURE 5. APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING COSTS TO GOVERNMENT OF A LACK OF JOINED-UP SERVICES 32

FIGURE 6. CITIXEN-CENTRED PUBLIC SERVICE DESIGN 39