국가전략정보포털

Title page

Contents

Highlights 2

Letter 6

Background 9

Nonstandard and Contract Work Arrangements 9

Federal Statistical System and Reporting Guidance 11

Classification of Workers and Implications for Federal Benefits, Protections, and Taxes 15

Estimates of Nonstandard and Contract Work Vary Widely and Outcome Data Are Limited 17

Multiple Federal Entities Collect or Use Data on Nonstandard or Contract Work 17

Estimates of Prevalence Vary Widely and Measure Different Work Arrangements 21

Limited Data on Outcomes for Workers in Nonstandard or Contract Arrangements Show Generally Lower Benefits and Fewer Protections 26

Fragmented Efforts to Define and Measure Work Arrangements Contribute to Variation in Estimates 30

Agencies' Data Collection Efforts Are Fragmented and Use Different Methodologies 30

Data Limitations Are Worsened by Fragmentation and Hinder Understanding of Work Arrangements 35

Agencies Have Taken Some Steps to Address Data Limitations, but Interagency Efforts Have Not Been Sustained or Effective 41

Agencies Have Taken Some Steps to Address Data Limitations 41

Interagency Efforts to Collaborate Have Not Been Sustained or Effective in Addressing Data Quality Issues or Fragmentation 43

Conclusions 48

Recommendations for Executive Action 49

Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 49

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 51

Appendix II: Key Federal Labor Laws and their Potential Application to Certain Nonstandard and Contract Work 56

Appendix III: GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments 62

Table 1. Principal Statistical Agencies in the Federal Statistical System 12

Table 2. General Federal Tax Responsibilities of Employees and Independent Contractors 16

Table 3. General Summaries of Key Federal Laws Pertaining to Discrimination and Equal Employment for Workers and Their Potential Application... 57

Table 4. General Summaries of Key Federal Laws Pertaining to Wages, Access to Benefits, and Workplace Safety and Their Potential Application... 58

Figure 1. Examples of Nonstandard Work Arrangements 11

Figure 2. Roles of Selected Federal Entities Regarding Data on Nonstandard and Contract Work Arrangements 18

Figure 3. Selected Surveys and Other Sources of Data on Nonstandard and Contract Work Arrangements 19

Figure 4. Selected Estimates of Prevalence of Nonstandard and Contract Work Arrangements 22

Figure 5. Selected Estimates of Prevalence of Self-Employed Workers, by Data Source, 1996-2016 24

Figure 6. Selected Worker Benefits and Protections 26

Figure 7. Terms Used in Selected Data Sources to Describe Nonstandard and Contract Work Arrangements 31

Figure 8. Selected Terms That May Be Applied to the Same Work (Dog Walker), by Federal Entity 32

Figure 9. Information on Selected Data Sources Measuring Nonstandard and Contract Work Arrangements, and Selected Methodological Factors 34

Figure 10. Components of Data Quality According to the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology 35

Figure 11. Extent to Which Federal Agency Efforts Followed Selected Leading Practices for Interagency Collaboration in Relation to Nonstandard and... 45