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Why do we need to strengthen climate adaptations? scenarios and financial lines of defence
(기후 적응을 강화해야 하는 이유 : 시나리오와 재정적 방어선)

□ 기후 변화가 가속화되면서 지구 온난화와 극단적 기후 현상이 증가하고 있음. 이러한 변화는 경제적 손실과 사회적 불평등을 심화시키며, 이에 따라 기후 변화 적응의 필요성이 더욱 커지고 있음. 적응은 사회와 경제, 생태계의 회복력을 강화하고 기후 변화의 부정적인 영향을 최소화하기 위한 조치로 정의됨. 특히 유럽은 전 세계 평균보다 빠르게 온난화가 진행되고 있어 적응이 시급한 지역 중 하나로 꼽히고 있으므로 기후 변화 완화와 더불어 적응 전략의 중요성이 강조되고 있음

□ 기후 변화 적응은 국제적 합의와 법적 의무의 틀 안에서 진행되고 있음. 파리 협정은 적응을 목표 중 하나로 명시했으나, 구체적인 정의나 실행 방안은 부족한 상태임. 유럽연합은 2021년 유럽 기후법을 통해 2050년까지 적응 목표 달성을 위한 지속적인 진전을 요구하고 있음. 또한, EU 적응 전략은 지역 및 국가 차원에서 적응 조치를 통합하고 가속화하는 데 초점을 맞추고 있음. 이러한 법적 틀은 국가와 기업이 적응 조치를 강화하도록 독려하고 있음

□ 기후 변화 적응은 막대한 재정적 투자를 필요로 하지만, 현재 적응 자금은 부족한 상태임. 공공 부문이 주로 적응 비용을 부담하고 있으며, 민간 투자를 유치하는 데 어려움이 있음. 적응 투자는 손실 방지, 경제적 이익, 사회적 및 환경적 이점을 포함한 '세 가지 배당
(triple dividends)'을 제공할 수 있음. 새로운 금융 도구, 예를 들어 재해 채권(catastrophe bonds) 및 기후 채권(climate bonds)은 보험 부족 문제를 해결하고 자금 격차를 줄이는 데 도움을 줄 수 있음. 적응 자금을 확대하기 위해 공공 및 민간 부문 간 협력이 필수적임

□ 효과적인 적응 전략은 손실을 줄이고 회복력을 강화하며 경제 활동을 촉진할 수 있음. 그러나 적응 비용과 잔여 위험 간의 상충 관계가 존재하며, 최적의 투자 수준을 결정하는 데 어려움이 있음. 지역 및 부문별 특성을 고려한 맞춤형 접근이 필요하며, 데이터와 기술의 활용이 강조되고 있음. 또한, 적응 투자에 대한 명확한 정의와 표준화된 분류 체계가 부족해 정책 결정에 장애가 되고 있음. 기후 변화의 불확실성과 복잡성을 고려할 때, 점진적 및 변혁적 적응 전략이 동시에 요구됨


□ 기후 변화 적응은 복잡하고 다차원적인 도전 과제이며, 이를 해결하기 위해서는 상당한 협력과 혁신이 필요함. 적응 자금 격차를 해소하고 정책 실행 속도를 높이며, 지역별 맞춤형 전략을 개발하는 것이 중요함. 공공-민간 파트너십과 금융 혁신은 적응 노력을 확장하는 데 핵심적인 역할을 할 것임. 유럽과 세계는 지속 가능하고 기후에 강한 미래를 위해 적응 전략을 가속화해야 함

목차

Title page

Contents

Abstract 2

Non-technical summary 3

1. Introduction 5

2. Recent empirical evidence on climate change 7

3. Rising GHGs and warming exacerbate climate hazards with rising damages and losses 11

3.1. Climate hazards and the damages they cause are on the rise 12

3.2. Quantifying future impacts of rising climate hazards presents several challenges 13

3.3. Reckoning possibly extreme impacts of rising climate hazards presents challenges 14

3.4. Compound and concurrent hazards 16

4. The political economy of adaptation 16

4.1. Economic approaches to adaptation and resilience-enhancing strategies 17

4.2. The colors and shades of climate adaptation 17

4.3. Net benefits of investing in climate adaptation 18

4.4. Asymmetric perceived costs and benefits of climate policies 18

4.5/4.4. Top-down, bottom-up or hybrid adaptation? 19

4.6/4.5. The prerequisites of adaptation to climate hazards are high 20

4.7/4.6. Managing expectations and sustaining efforts matters 20

4.8/4.7. Barriers to adaptation financing in the private sector 21

5. Overview of the international and European Union legal frameworks on climate adaptation 22

5.1. International obligations on climate adaptation 22

5.2. The EU legal framework on climate adaptation 23

5.3. New avenues to spur adaptation: climate litigation 24

6. The European Union Governance framework and its interplay with climate adaptation 25

6.1. Europe (I): the Economic Governance Framework ('green budgeting') 25

6.2. European Union (II): the Union budget and Next Generation EU program 25

6.3. An EU Sustainable Finance Framework 27

6.4. Other legal obligations and developments regarding climate adaptation under EU law 28

7. How effective might adaptation strategies be? 29

7.1. What world are we adapting to? 29

7.2. Rising costs and benefits 30

7.3. The cost-benefit analysis 30

8. The financing of adaptation (I): the role of the public sector 31

8.1. What evidence do we have about financing of climate adaptation? 31

8.2. Are additional public-private approaches to climate adaptation financing being tested? 33

9. The financing of adaptation (II): a sustainable finance framework, insurance contributions, Cat-bonds, and other lines of defense 34

9.1. Insurance coverage needs to play an increasing role 35

9.2. Catastrophe bonds are insurance linked securities 36

9.3. Green Capital Market Unions need to come to the rescue! 36

10. Some final remarks and open issues 37

References 39

Annex 1. Principles of EU adaptation: the agricultural sector as a case study 44

Annex 2. How can nature preservation support adaptation? 45

Figure 1. Net Global GHGs Emission Pathways and Resulting Future Warming Levels 8

Figure 2. Historical and future European warming trends under different future SSPs 10

Figure 3. Climate change impacts in Europe (EEA (2020)) 11

Figure 4. Annual Economic Losses Caused by Climate-Related Extreme Events 13

Figure 5. Breaking the climate financing doom-loop 15

Figure 6. Summary of PESETA IV - climate change impacts and adaptation in Europe 31

Figure 7. EU-27 adaptation financing costs to 2030 extrapolated on basis of country studies 33

Figure 8. Blended Finance Ecosystems 34

해시태그

#기후변화 # 유럽기후전략 # 기후위기 # 파리협정

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Why do we need to strengthen climate adaptations? scenarios and financial lines of defence

(기후 적응을 강화해야 하는 이유 : 시나리오와 재정적 방어선)