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Digitalization, change in skill distance between occupations and worker mobility : a gravity model approach
(디지털화에 따른 직업 간 기술 변화와 노동 이동성 분석 : 중력 모형 접근)

□ 이 보고서는 디지털화가 직업 간 기술 거리와 노동자 이동성에 미치는 영향을 분석하며, 특히 중력 모형(Gravity Model) 접근법을 활용하여 이를 연구함. 디지털 기술의 확산으로 인해 대부분의 직업에서 IT 관련 기술이 중요해지고 있으며, 이에 따라 직업 간 기술적 유사성이 증가하는 현상을 설명함. 연구에서는 직업 간 기술 거리가 변화하면서 노동자들의 이동성이 어떻게 변화하는지를 분석함

□ 보고서는 2010년부터 2019년까지 미국과 프랑스의 데이터를 활용하여, 직업별 요구 기술의 변화를 측정하고 이를 노동자 이동성과 연결함. 연구 결과, 디지털 기술이 도입되면서 직업 간 기술 거리가 줄어들고 있으며, 이에 따라 노동자들의 이동성이 증가하는 경향을 보임. 특히, 디지털 기술을 이미 보유한 노동자들은 새로운 직업으로 이동하는 데 유리한 반면, 디지털 기술이 부족한 노동자들은 이동성이 제한됨을 확인함

□ 또한, 디지털 기술 변화가 노동자 이동성에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 이산형 매칭 모형
(Discrete Matching Model)을 도입하여 중력 방정식의 기초를 제공함. 분석 결과, 디지털 기술 변화가 없었다면 노동자들의 장기적인 직업 이동성이 약 3.3% 감소했을 것으로 나타남. 특히, 기존에 디지털 기술을 보유한 노동자들은 이동성이 5% 줄어들었을 것으로 예상되지만, 디지털 기술이 부족한 노동자들은 오히려 더 많은 이동 기회를 가졌을 가능성이 있음

□ 마지막으로, 연구는 디지털 기술 변화가 노동시장에 미치는 영향이 노동자 그룹에 따라 다르게 나타나며, 특히 IT 기술을 보유한 노동자들에게 유리하게 작용함을 강조함. 연구 결과는 정책 입안자들에게 디지털 기술 교육 및 직업 재훈련 프로그램의 필요성을 시사하며, 디지털화로 인한 불평등을 줄이기 위한 전략적 접근이 필요함을 시사함

목차

Title page

Contents

Abstract 3

1. Introduction 4

2. Conceptual framework 9

3. Data 14

3.1. Measuring skills distance 14

3.2. Occupation mobility 20

3.3. Final sample 21

4. Agravity model approach 22

5. Empirical results 26

6. The model 32

6.1. Workers' and jobs' types 32

6.2. Matching 33

6.3. Match values and choices 34

6.4. Equilibrium 35

6.5. Identification 36

6.6. Computation 38

6.7. Estimation 40

7. Counterfactual analysis 41

8. Conclusion 45

References 47

Appendix 52

A. Additional Tables and Figures 52

B. Model extensions 64

Table 1. Summary statistics 22

Table 2. Effects of distance and digital distance on mobility flows 27

Table 3. Robustness of the effect of changes in digital distance on end-line mobility flows 29

Table 4. Counterfactual results on occupation switchers 43

Table 5. Counterfactual results on mobility to non-employment 45

Figure 1. Visualization of the conceptual framework 11

Figure 2. Evolution of skill distance over the period 19

Table A1. List of occupations classified as fully digital 58

Table A2. Effect of distance and digital distance on mobility flows using distance measures assuming skill obsolescence 59

Table A3. Robustness of the effect of changes in digital distance on long run mobility flows 60

Table A4. Effect of distance and digital distance on mobility flows using distance measures that exclude generic skills and using a more aggregate classification of occupations 61

Table A5. Robustness of the effect on long run mobility flows to following age cohorts 62

Table A6. Structural estimation of mobility and wage equations 63

Table A7. Counterfactual results on stayers 63

Figure A1. The 25 skills with the highest growth in demand over 2011-2019 52

Figure A2. Visualization of the conceptual framework 53

Figure A3. Digital intensity of occupations in 2011 54

Figure A4. Correlation between distance in 2011 and in 2019 by occupation pairs 54

Figure A5. Correlation between distance in 2011 and change in distance between 2011 and 2019 by occupation pairs 55

Figure A6. Matrix of bilateral flows from 2011 to 2012 56

Figure A7. Linearity of the effect of skill distance and digital skill distance 57

Figure A8. Distribution of growth rates in employment shares across occupations 57

해시태그

#디지털화 # 기술격차 # 노동자이동성 # 직업변화

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Digitalization, change in skill distance between occupations and worker mobility : a gravity model approach

(디지털화에 따른 직업 간 기술 변화와 노동 이동성 분석 : 중력 모형 접근)