목차
Title page 1
Contents 3
SUMMARY 2
INTRODUCTION 5
1. THE DNA AND EVOLUTION OF CYBERSPACE, AND THE DAWN OF DPI 6
2. WHAT THE DPI IS AND WHY IT MATTERS 9
3. INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES ON DPI 12
3.1. INDIASTACK: THE QUINTESSENTIAL DPI? 15
3.2. BRAZIL'S PIX: A REVOLUTION IN DIGITAL PAYMENTS 17
3.3. A FORK IN THE ROAD TO DPI? EMERGING ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR ROLLOUT 18
3.3.1. Decentralised models 19
3.3.2. Centralised models 20
3.3.3. Hybrid Models 21
4. THE DPI LANDSCAPE IN EUROPE: EXPLORING PIONEERING INITIATIVES 24
4.1. ESTONIA'S X-ROAD: THE BLUEPRINT FOR DPIS 24
4.2. GERMANY'S DIGITAL STRATEGY 2025 AND THE SOVEREIGN TECH FUND 27
4.3. THE NETHERLANDS 30
4.4. ITALY'S JOURNEY TO DIGITAL GOVERNMENT 34
4.5. UKRAINE'S DPI 38
4.6. A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF SELECTED NATIONAL DPI INITIATIVES 41
5. THE EU DPI: A BRICK IN THE EUROSTACK WALL 44
5.1. MODERNISING AND CONNECTING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: A LONG AND WINDING ROAD FROM CROSS-BORDER TO BORDERLESS PUBLIC SERVICES 45
5.2. THE DIGITAL IDENTITY AND PAYMENTS LAYER: TOWARDS THE EUROPEAN WALLET 50
5.3. DATA GOVERNANCE AND DATA SPACES 54
5.4. THE FEDERATED CLOUD ARCHITECTURE: A DEAD END OR A CONCRETE PLAN? 56
5.5. HOW OTHER EU DIGITAL LEGISLATION FACILITATES THE EMERGENCE OF DPI 58
CONCLUSION: A DECALOGUE TO BUILD A FULL-SCALE EUROPEAN DPI 60
Tables 4
Table 1. The DPI and the SDGs: a non-exhaustive list of interrelations 13
Table 2. Comparison of different aspects of decentralised and open-source vs centralised and proprietary models 22
Table 3. Estonia: selected DPI initiatives 25
Table 4. Germany: selected DPI initiatives 28
Table 5. Germany's Sovereign Tech Fund: main areas of work 30
Table 6. The Netherlands: selected DPI initiatives 31
Table 7. Smart City DPI initiatives in the Netherlands 33
Table 8. Italy: selected DPI initiatives 35
Table 9. Areas of activity of the Italian OSPO 38
Table 10. Ukraine: selected DPI initiatives 39
Table 11. Comparative overview of national DPI initiatives 42
Table 12. Consortia currently piloting the EUDI Wallet 52
Figures 4
Figure 1. The original layered internet architecture and DPI layers 9
Figure 2. The IndiaStack: main layers and solutions 16
Figure 3. Schematic structure of X-Road 27
Figure 4. High-level architecture of e-Gov in Ukraine 41
Figure 5. Conceptual model of the European Interoperability Framework 46
Figure 6. European Digital Identity architecture and reference framework 51
Figure 7. Gaia-X infrastructure and data ecosystem 58
Figure 8. The European DPI in the new digital technology stack 63
Boxes 4
Box 1. The European Digital Infrastructure Consortium and ComPAct: a new focus on public administration 48
Box 2. The EU Digital COVID Certificate: a game changer for the data exchange layer 55
