목차
Acknowledgments ix
About the Contributors xi
Executive Summary xv
Abbreviations xxvii
CHAPTER 1 Environment and Inclusion 1
Introduction 1
Exclusion and environmental degradation 5
Focus of this report 7
References 14
CHAPTER 2 Public Services for Underrepresented Populations 19
At a glance 19
Introduction 20
Access to public assets and services 20
Incidence of environmental disamenities 24
A way forward 27
References 28
CHAPTER 3 Fissured Landscapes and Divided Waters 33
At a glance 33
Introduction 34
Exposure to deforestation 34
Forest loss and cascading health impacts 38
Exposure to land degradation 45
Productivity losses and health impacts of poor soils 53
Gender dimensions 55
The way forward 59
Notes 60
References 61
CHAPTER 4 Disparities in Air Pollution 67
At a glance 67
Introduction 67
Exposure to air pollution 68
Trade-offs between income and air quality 77
Consumption patterns and air pollution 81
The way forward 86
References 87
CHAPTER 5 Policy Options for Breaking the Cycle of Environmental Degradation and Social Exclusion 91
At a glance 91
Inclusive policies and environmental policies are not always well-aligned 92
When objectives are shared: Working within the system to empower marginalized communities 97
When objectives differ: Best-feasible policy approaches 103
Public engagement 106
Coalition building 107
The way forward 110
Annex 5A Maximizing overall welfare: A policy bundle 110
Annex 5B Bridging the gaps: A comparative framework for examining the welfare gap 112
Notes 113
References 114
