목차
Table of contents
Preface 3
Foreword 4
Acknowledgements 5
Executive Summary 12
1 Investing in Climate for Growth and Development: Policy Highlights 15
1.1. Governments are at an inflection point in addressing climate change 16
1.2. Accelerated climate action can unlock robust economic growth and development dividends 18
1.3. Putting people at the core of climate strategies is essential to secure a just and equitable transition 28
1.4. Delivering on climate, growth and development goals with enhanced NDCs 32
1.5. Unlocking investment pathways for NDC delivery 38
References 46
Notes 53
Part I Building the case for climate ambition 54
2 Accelerated climate action can deliver strong economic benefits 55
2.1. An Enhanced NDCs scenario helps understand the impact of accelerated climate action on growth 56
2.2. Ambitious emission reductions can be achieved with robust economic growth 59
2.3. The long-term benefits from avoided damages and short-term environmental and social improvements make a compelling case for accelerated climate action 72
References 79
Annex 2.A. Comparison with other modelling studies 85
Notes 88
3 Putting development at the heart of climate ambition 89
3.1. Climate targets in the wide spectrum of the SDGs 90
3.2. Integrating development and climate policies, it is still possible to meet the SDGs 92
References 101
Note 102
4 Accelerated climate action will entail structural changes in the economy 103
4.1. Enhanced NDCs will entail structural changes to the economy 104
4.2. Implementing Enhanced NDCs will entail price changes for key goods 110
4.3. Enhanced NDCs transform countries’ approaches to energy security 113
4.4. Countries could more strongly rely on economy-wide policy action 115
4.5. Progress on AFOLU emissions and carbon dioxide removal can help meet the goals of the Paris Agreement 124
4.6. Climate change will impact sectors and countries asymmetrically 128
References 130
Notes 135
5 Ensuring a just and equitable transition 137
5.1. The distributional effects of climate action can be addressed with the right policy mix 138
5.2. Managing the impacts of accelerated climate action on labour markets is key to a just transition 149
5.3. Accelerated climate action and associated reduced climate damages have a net positive impact on people in the long run 161
References 164
Notes 170
Annex A. Modelling framework for the OECD 172
Overview of the modelling framework used for the OECD analysis 172
ENV-Linkages 173
NiGEM 177
International Futures (IFs) model 178
mSPIN microsimulation model 182
Projected damages and avoided damages under different damage functions 187
References 193
Notes 196
Part II Delivering on ambition through Enhanced NDCs 197
6 Unpacking implementable and investible NDCs 198
6.1. State of play with implementing and financing current NDCs 199
6.2. Unpacking the dimensions of ambitious, implementable and investible NDCs 202
References 214
7 Enablers for effective NDC implementation 220
7.1. Build political ownership across government for delivering NDCs 221
7.2. Strengthen policy coherence, alignment and accountability for NDC delivery across national, sectoral and subnational levels 226
7.3. Build social acceptance to secure a just transition and strengthen private sector collaboration to unlock NDC-aligned investments 234
References 242
Notes 248
8 Structuring NDC financing or investment strategies 249
8.1. Structuring NDC financing or investment strategies 250
8.2. Avenues for mobilising resources for NDC financing 263
References 293
Notes 302
