Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 1

Introduction 2

1. Critical raw materials 4

1.1. CRMs: Challenges and risks 4

1.2. EU responses 7

1.3. Italy's responses 11

2. Semiconductors 13

2.1. The EU semiconductor ecosystem 13

2.2. EU's de-risking measures 14

2.3. Italy's de-risking measures 17

Conclusions and recommendations 18

References 21

Tables 15

Table 1. Member states' de-risking measures for semiconductors 15

Figures 5

Figure 1. Demand outlook for lithium 5