국회도서관 국가전략정보포털

Foreword 8
1 Towards a low-carbon water sector 12
    1.1 The Finnish water sector 12
    1.2 Conduct of Roadmap work 13
    1.3 Objective of the Roadmap 15
2 Targets and measures for reducing emissions and assessment of the measures' impacts 18
    2.1 Summary of emission reduction targets and measures 18
    2.2 Impacts 20
        2.2.1 Greenhouse gas emissions 20
        2.2.2 Costs 25
    2.3 Policy instruments (A) 26
        2.3.1 Summary 26
        2.3.2 Objective A1: Promoting low-carbon measures associated with legislative reforms 27
        2.3.3 Objective A2: Promoting strategic planning for a low-carbon water sector 28
        2.3.4 Objective A3: Effective allocation of funding 30
        2.3.5 Objective A4: Promoting steering by information 30
    2.4 Direct greenhouse gas emissions (B) 31
        2.4.1 Summary 31
        2.4.2 Objective B1: Reducing direct emissions from wastewater treatment 33
        2.4.3 Objective B2: Reducing direct greenhouse gas emissions from the sewerage system 38
        2.4.4 Objective B3: Reducing direct emissions from sludge treatment 40
    2.5 Energy (C) 42
        2.5.1 Summary 42
        2.5.2 Objective C1: Reducing energy consumption 47
        2.5.3 Objective C2: Increasing low-emission energy production and phasing out fossil energy sources 51
    2.6 Materials (D) 54
        2.6.1 Summary 54
        2.6.2 Objective D1: Replacing carbon-intensive materials 56
        2.6.3 Objective D2: Reducing emissions from chemical use 59
    2.7 Stakeholder cooperation (E) 63
        2.7.1 Summary 63
        2.7.2 Objective E1: Promoting cooperation with municipalities 63
        2.7.3 Objective E2: Promoting cooperation between water utilities 64
3 Other measures that affect emissions 65
    3.1 Low-carbon construction and renovation 65
        3.1.1 Background 65
        3.1.2 Choices and more efficient use of materials 66
        3.1.3 Construction technique 67
        3.1.4 Stormwater management structures 68
    3.2 Replacing surface water with artificial groundwater production 70
    3.3 Nutrient recovery from wastewater and sludge 70
    3.4 Capture and use of biogenic carbon dioxide 72
4 Monitoring and updates of the Roadmap 73
5 Prioritisation and implementation of emission reduction measures 75
    5.1 General 75
    5.2 Measures with the highest impact on reducing emissions 76
    5.3 Measures that can be introduced rapidly 76
    5.4 Measures requiring development 77
    5.5 Promotion of low-carbon solutions at small water utilities 78
    5.6 Roadmap implementation 78
References 83
Appendices 90
    Appendix 1. Calculation of greenhouse gas emissions 90
    Appendix 2. Policy instruments for a low-carbon water sector 94
    Appendix 3. Background information 101