목차
Title page 1
Contents 3
Highlights 2
Letter 6
Background 8
Key Department of Defense Organizations 8
Relevant DOD Strategy and Guidance Documents 10
Space Mission Areas 11
Allies' and Partners' Military Space Organizations, Strategic Guidance, and Capabilities 13
DOD Uses Multiple Mechanisms and Agreements to Collaborate with Allies and Partners on Space Operations and Other Activities 15
DOD Uses a Range of Mechanisms to Collaborate with Allies and Partners 16
DOD Uses Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements to Facilitate Collaboration with Allies and Partners 22
DOD Is Building Relationships with Allies and Partners but Faces Challenges Integrating Them into Space Operations and Activities 24
DOD Faces Challenges Executing Combined Space Operations with Key Allies 25
DOD Uses Space-Related Exercises to Build Relationships with Allies and Partners but Limitations Exist 30
Space Force Components Have Limited Personnel to Support Planning and Information Sharing with Allies and Partners 33
DOD Has Not Addressed Overlapping Roles and Responsibilities or Personnel Limitations Affecting Space-Related Security Cooperation 36
DOD Has Overlapping Roles and Responsibilities for Conducting Space-Related Security Cooperation 36
Space Force Components Have Limited Trained Personnel to Conduct Security Cooperation 41
Conclusions 44
Recommendations for Executive Action 45
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 46
Appendix I. Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 49
Appendix II. Country Profile: Australia 53
Appendix III. Country Profile: Canada 54
Appendix IV. Country Profile: France 55
Appendix V. Country Profile: Japan 56
Appendix VI. Country Profile: Norway 57
Appendix VII. Country Profile: United Kingdom 58
APPENDIX VIII. NATO's Approach to Space Operations 59
Appendix IX. Overview of Space Training and Education Courses 61
Appendix X. Comments from the Department of Defense 64
Appendix XI. GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 66
Related GAO Products 67
Tables 4
Table 1. DOD Organizations with Select Space-Related Coordination Responsibilities 8
Table 2. Overview of Department of Defense (DOD) Level Strategy Documents Related to Space Cooperation 10
Table 3. Overview of Department of Defense (DOD) Guidance Documents Related to Space Cooperation 11
Table 4. Descriptions of DOD Space Mission Areas 12
Table 5. Select Mechanisms DOD Uses to Collaborate with Allies and Partners on Space Operations and Activities 16
Table 6. Timeline of Space Force Changes to Space Education Courses 62
Figures 4
Figure 1. Timeline of Select Allies' Efforts to Establish Military Space Organizations and Publish Related Guidance 14
Figure 2. Map of Countries with Which the U.S. Has Space Situational Awareness Data Sharing Agreements and Personnel Exchange Agreements 19
Figure 3. Map of Countries That Participated in or Observed Global Sentinel 2024 32
Figure 4. Organizations Involved in Space-Related Security Cooperation in the USEUCOM Area of Responsibility 38
Figure 5. Plan for North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Alliance Persistent Surveillance from Space Initiative 60
