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Title page 1
Contents 3
Highlights 2
Letter 7
Background 9
Key Characteristics of Space Launch and Related Infrastructure 9
Recent Innovations in the Launch Market 18
National Security Space Launch Acquisitions 22
Phase 3 Strategy Aims to Enhance Competition and Government Buying Power to Meet Anticipated Space Launch Needs 25
DOD's Phase 3 Acquisition Strategy Establishes Two Lanes Intended to Enhance Competition and Tailor Risk Management 25
Phase 3 Acquisition Strategy Aims to Enhance Buying Power and Provide Long-Term Flexibility for Future Needs 28
DOD Incorporated Historical Lessons Learned, Market Research, and Industry Feedback to Develop Its Phase 3 Strategy 31
DOD Is Addressing Launch Infrastructure Challenges but Also Faces Issues Recouping Costs and Improving Payload Processing Capabilities 32
DOD Is Facing Challenges Related to Launch Infrastructure and Logistics That It Is Working to Address 32
DOD Could Collect Millions in Direct Costs from Commercial Entities for Use of Federal Launch Ranges, but Faces Challenges 39
The Space Force Is Limited in Spending Collected Funds 45
DOD Faces Payload Processing Challenges, Lacks Insight into Capacity Needs, and Its Coordination Is Fragmented 46
Conclusions 51
Recommendations for Executive Action 52
Agency Comments 53
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 55
Appendix II: National Security Space Launch Eras 57
Appendix III: Comments from the Department of Defense 59
Appendix IV: Staff Acknowledgments 61
Tables 3
Table 1. Key Federal Launch Organizations That Enable Military, Civil, and Commercial Space Launches 17
Table 2. Summary of the Space Force's Phase 3 Lane 1 National Security Space Launch Acquisition Strategy 26
Table 3. Summary of the Space Force's Phase 3 Lane 2 National Security Space Launch Acquisition Strategy 27
Table 4. Department of Defense Efforts to Address Launch Infrastructure Challenges 37
Table 5. Estimated Reimbursements for Space Force Commercial Launch Support Services, Fiscal Years 2025-2026 43
Table 6. Department of Defense Strategies for Acquiring National Security Space Launches, 1995-2025 57
Figures 4
Figure 1. Notional Depiction of Earth Orbits 10
Figure 2. U.S. Military, Civil, and Commercial Space Launches, 2000-2024 11
Figure 3. U.S. Orbital Military Launch Sites 12
Figure 4. Launch Range and Payload Processing Infrastructure 14
Figure 5. Launch Complex on Cape Canaveral Space Force Station 16
Figure 6. Key Changes to Satellite Launch Market Supply and Demand Since 2008 19
Figure 7. Commercial Space Launches by Selected Providers, 2008-2024 21
Figure 8. Department of Defense (DOD) Phased Launch Acquisition Strategy, Fiscal Years 2013-2030 24
Figure 9. Commercial Space Launches at Federal Launch Ranges, 2000-2024 33
Figure 10. SpaceX Booster Being Transported on Cape Canaveral Space Force Station 35
