목차
Title page 1
Contents 6
Introduction 9
1. Background 11
1.1. Current state of space 11
1.2. Historical ISAM efforts 13
1.3. Federal government and other roles in ISAM 14
2. Potential Benefits of ISAM 17
3. Capability Status and Current ISAM Priorities 20
3.1. Status of capabilities that enable ISAM 20
3.2. Current and planned ISAM activities 23
4. Challenges to the Development and Use of ISAM 25
4.1. Distinct markets dilute resources 26
4.2. Operators are hesitant to design their satellites for servicing 27
4.3. Lack of demonstrated capability from ISAM providers 28
4.4. Regulations and standards are unclear or emerging 29
5. Policy Options to Help Address Challenges with ISAM Development and Use 32
6. Agency and Expert Comments 38
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 40
Appendix II: Expert Participation 44
Appendix III: Selected U.S. ISAM Activities 46
Appendix IV: Selected International ISAM Activities 51
Appendix V: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 52
Tables 7
Table 1. Capability areas for in-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing 21
Table 2. Policy option - Maintain status quo 32
Table 3. Policy option - Evaluate, and potentially promote, serviceability 33
Table 4. Policy option - Support technology development and testing 35
Table 5. Policy option - Develop or clarify regulations and standards 36
Table 6. Policy option - Designate a government champion 37
Figures 7
Figure 1. Definitions of in-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing 10
Figure 2. Common orbit categories 12
Figure 3. Roles in satellite servicing 13
Figure 4. Selected historical in-space servicing achievements 14
Figure 5. Roles of federal agencies in regulating commercial space activities 16
Figure 6. Rendering of a robotic arm servicing a satellite in space 17
Figure 7. Definitions of technology, capability, and mission for in-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing (ISAM) 20
Figure 8. In-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing capabilities supporting notional space missions 23
Figure 9. Challenges facing the development and use of in-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing (ISAM) 25
Figure 10. A robotic arm used to test a servicing satellite approaching another satellite 29
Figure 11. Capability areas of selected U.S. ISAM activities 46
