Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 5

1. Global Data Regulation Models: Impact on Digital Trade 6

2. Digital Trade and Regulatory Alignment: Shaping the EU's Neighbourhood Relations 8

3. Digital Trade Patterns: Analysing the EU's Neighbourhood Digital Trade 10

4. Mitigation Measures the EU Could Pursue 14

5. Concluding remarks 19

Epilogue 20

ANNEX 1. Overview of recent EU digital market regulations 21

ANNEX 2. Characteristics and patterns of EU neighbourhood countries regarding digital services trade 25

ANNEX 3. Overview of agreements and relevant data-related provisions between the EU and its individual neighbourhood countries 28

Tables 6

Table 1. Main features of different data models 6

Table 2. Data and digital provisions of EU agreements with neighbouring countries 9

Table 3. Share of digital services in total services exports (% and in million USD) 11

Table 4. Share of digital services exports to the EU as a percentage of total services exports (% and in million USD) 12

Table 5. Composition of digital-enabled services exports to the EU (in million USD) 13

Figures 7

Figure 1. Mapping of EU neighbouring countries according to different data models 7