The challenge of grids in the clean industrial deal and affordable energy action plan : an incomplete answer to a key problem

Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 5

Acknowledgements 5

Introduction and summary 6

1. Rapidly increasing electricity demand through industrial electrification 8

2. A massive upscaling in investment in transmission and distribution grids 12

2.1. Planning 13

2.2. Financing, State aid, and effect on prices 13

3. Regulatory actions to improve the operation of the grid and electricity markets 15

Conclusion 16