LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7
LIST OF FIGURES 12
LIST OF TABLES 12
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13
1. GENERAL ISSUES IN CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS BEFORE LIMA 15
    1.1. Introduction 15
    1.2. Main outcomes of COP 19 in Warsaw 15
    1.3. Implementation of the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action 16
        1.3.1. Negotiation process in 2014 related to Workstream 1: Work towards the new legal instrument 18
        1.3.2. Negotiation process in 2014 related to Workstream 2: Pre-2020 mitigation ambition 25
        1.3.3. Outcome of UN-Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon’s Climate Summit 29
    1.4. Implementation of the Doha Amendment of the Kyoto Protocol 31
        1.4.1. Background: Key issues for the negotiations in Lima 31
        1.4.2. Agreement achieved in Warsaw 32
        1.4.3. Negotiation process in 2014 32
    1.5. The impact of other relevant international developments on the negotiation process 33
2. INDIVIDUAL TOPICS IN CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS 35
    2.1. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions 35
        2.1.1. Background: Key issues for the negotiations in Lima 35
        2.1.2. Agreement achieved in Warsaw 35
        2.1.3. Necessary emission reductions 36
        2.1.4. Bridging the ambition gap 38
        2.1.5. Mitigation commitments of developed countries 39
        2.1.6. Achievement of targets for the first commitment period by the EU 42
        2.1.7. Pledges for mitigation action from developing countries 42
        2.1.8. Negotiation process in 2014 47
        2.1.9. Position of Parties 47
    2.2. Adaptation 48
        2.2.1. Background: Key issues for the negotiations in Lima 48
        2.2.2. Agreement achieved in Warsaw 49
        2.2.3. Negotiation process in 2014 50
        2.2.4. Position of Parties 50
    2.3. Loss and damage 51
        2.3.1. Background: Key issues for the negotiations in Lima 51
        2.3.2. Agreement achieved in Warsaw 51
        2.3.3. Negotiation process in 2014 52
        2.3.4. Position of Parties 52
    2.4. Financial support 52
        2.4.1. Background: Key issues for the negotiations in Lima 52
        2.4.2. Agreement achieved in Warsaw 53
        2.4.3. Negotiation process in 2014 56
        2.4.4. Position of Parties 58
    2.5. Technology and technology transfer 59
        2.5.1. Background: Key issues for the negotiations in Lima 59
        2.5.2. Agreement achieved in Warsaw 59
        2.5.3. Negotiation process in 2014 60
        2.5.4. Position of Parties 60
    2.6. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) and accounting arrangements for developed countries 60
        2.6.1. Background: Key issues for the negotiations in Lima 60
        2.6.2. Agreement achieved in Warsaw 61
        2.6.3. Negotiation process in 2014 61
    2.7. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) for developing countries 63
        2.7.1. Agreement achieved in Warsaw 63
        2.7.2. Negotiation process in 2014 63
    2.8. Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) 64
        2.8.1. Background: key issues in the negotiations 64
        2.8.2. Agreement achieved in Warsaw 64
        2.8.3. Negotiation process in 2014 66
        2.8.4. REDD+ partnership 66
        2.8.5. UN-REDD programme 67
        2.8.6. Forest carbon partnership facility (FCPF) 67
        2.8.7. Position of Parties and stakeholders 67
    2.9. Accounting for GHG emission changes from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) 68
        2.9.1. Background: Key issues for the negotiations in Lima 68
        2.9.2. Agreement achieved in Warsaw 68
    2.10. Flexible mechanisms 69
        2.10.1. Background: Key issues for the negotiations in Lima 69
        2.10.2. Agreement achieved in Warsaw 70
        2.10.3. Negotiation process in 2014 71
        2.10.4. Position of Parties 72
    2.11. International aviation and maritime emissions 73
        2.11.1. Background: Key issues for the negotiations in Lima 73 
        2.11.2. Consideration in Warsaw 73
        2.11.3. Negotiation process in 2014 74
        2.11.4. Position of Parties 74
    2.12. Capacity building 74
        2.12.1. Background: Key issues for the negotiations in Lima 74
        2.12.2. Agreement achieved in Warsaw 75
        2.12.3. Negotiation process in 2014 75
        2.12.4. Position of Parties 75
3. COUNTRY POSITIONS 77
    3.1. China 77
        3.1.1. Facts 77
        3.1.2. Positions 78
    3.2. India 79
        3.2.1. Facts 79
        3.2.2. Positions 80
    3.3. Brazil 81
        3.3.1. Facts 81
        3.3.2. Positions 82
    3.4. Mexico 84
        3.4.1. Facts 84
        3.4.2. Positions 85
    3.5. South Africa 85
        3.5.1. Facts 85
        3.5.2. Positions 86
    3.6. USA 86
        3.6.1. Facts 86
        3.6.2. Positions 89
    3.7. The Russian Federation 89
        3.7.1. Facts 89
        3.7.2. Positions 90
    3.8. Japan 91
        3.8.1. Facts 91
        3.8.2. Positions 92
    3.9. Australia 93
        3.9.1. Facts 93
        3.9.2. Positions 94
    3.10. Peru 94
        3.10.1. Facts 94
        3.10.2. Positions 96
4. POSITION OF NEGOTIATION GROUPS 97
    4.1. G-77 & China 97
    4.2. Like-minded developing countries 97
    4.3. AOSIS 98
    4.4. Umbrella Group 99
    4.5. ALBA countries 99
    4.6. Cartagena Dialogue 99
    4.7. AILAC 100
5. POSITIONS OF STAKEHOLDER GROUPS 101
    5.1. Environmental NGOs 101
        5.1.1. Climate Action Network (CAN) 101
        5.1.2. Climate Justice Now! / Third World Network 102
    5.2. ICAO 102
    5.3. IMO 103
    5.4. GEF 104
    5.5. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 105
    5.6. Industry stakeholders 106
6. GLOSSARY 107
    6.1. Understanding the agenda and the daily programme 107
    6.2. Negotiation formats 108
    6.3. Types of documents 108
    6.4. Negotiating groups 109
    6.5. Other key terms 110
    6.6. Institutions under the UNFCCC 111
REFERENCES 113