Global Tipping Points Report 2025

Foreword – André Corrêa do Lago, COP30 President  4
Summary  6
Key messages  7
Governance of Earth system tipping points  13
Earth system tipping points and risks  19
Positive tipping points  27 
The Amazon rainforest  40
Atlantic Ocean circulation  41
Warm-water coral reefs  42
Mountain glaciers  43
Introduction  45
Section 1 Governance of Earth system tipping points  50
 1.1  Acting on Earth system tipping points: Why and how?  51
 1.2 Governance to prevent Earth system tipping points  59
 1.3 Impact governance for Earth system tipping points  71
 1.4 A human rights framework for Earth system tipping points governance  81
 1.5 Actors, agency and strategies in Earth system tipping points governance  88
Section 2 Earth System tipping points and risks  96
 2.1  Introduction to Earth system tipping point risks  97
 2.2 Status of Earth system tipping points: What’s new?  107
 2.3 Implications of overshooting 1.5°C for Earth system tipping points  136
 2.4 Earth system tipping point risk assessment  142
Section 3 Positive tipping points  165
 3.1 Identifying positive tipping potential  166
 3.2 Acting on positive tipping points  173
 3.3 Progress on positive tipping points in key systems  188
 3.4 Renewable power and electrification: From tipping in technology adoption to system transformation  219
 3.5 Positive tipping points in food systems, land use and nature  223
Section 4 Case Studies  231
 4.1  The Amazon rainforest  232
 4.2 Atlantic Ocean circulation  242
 4.3 Warm-water coral reefs  254
 4.4 Mountain glaciers: Áakʼw Tʼáak Sítʼ (Mendenhall Glacier)  267
Appendices  281
  1 Glossary  281
  2 Contributing authors  284
  3 Reviewers  291
References  293