목차
Acknowledgements 3
Summary 8
Water is an enabler of climate mitigation 8
Climate mitigation success requires effective water management 8
Ways forward8
Support is available9
Now is the time 9
Chapter 1: Introduction 11
Many climate mitigation measures use water 11
Water and sustainable development 11
Changing water cycle 12
Uneven distribution of effects 12
Water management and infrastructure constraints 13
Mobilizing faster climate action 13
Water in nationally determined contributions 14
Access to climate mitigation technologies 14
Water and greenhouse gas quantities in perspective 15
Water units and quantities 15
Greenhouse gas units and quantities 15
Chapter 2: Water for the clean energy transition 17
Clean energy systems of the future 17
Water for future energy 18
Dispatchability of future energy 18
Water for future electricity 18
Hydropower 18
Power from wastewater 19
Solar and wind power dispatchability 19
Geothermal, biomass and nuclear power 19
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) 20
Water for future fuels 20
Hydrogen 20
Biofuels 20
Water sensitive planning for clean energy 21
Conclusions about water for clean energy 22
Chapter 3: Water for carbon dioxide removal 23
How water enables carbon dioxide removal (CDR) 23
Water for direct air carbon capture and storage 23
Water for CDR using natural processes (biological CDR) 23
Wetlands including peatlands 23
Afforestation 24
Water sensitive planning for biological carbon dioxide removal 24
Conclusions about water-dependent CDR 25
Chapter 4: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from water and sanitation systems 27
Wastewater and sanitation 27
Sources of emissions 27
Mitigation measures 28
Artificial water bodies and irrigation systems 28
Sources of emissions 28
Mitigation measures 28
Emissions from wetlands 29
Conclusions about reducing greenhouse gas emissions from water, wastewater and sanitation systems 29
Chapter 5: Ways forward 31
Aligning climate mitigation and water objectives 31
Considering water in climate strategic planning 32
Preparing nationally determined contributions 32
Including water in mitigation project planning 33
Considering climate change in water strategic planning 33
Updating global mandates 33
Working with local authorities and sub-national governments 34
Financing opportunities 34
Mobilizing private sector and other non-government action 35
Filling information gaps 35
Using available support 36
Now is the time 37
References 38
Annexes 44
Annex 1: IPCC list of climate mitigation measures 45
Annex 2: Water demand of climate mitigation measures 46
Annex 3: About nationally determined contributions 49
Annex 4: Glossary of terms 51
