From Resolution to Practice: 25 Years of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda. The Role of the Mediterranean Women Mediators Network

Contributors 9

List of acronyms 11

Foreword, by Irene Fellin 13

Introduction, by Loredana Teodorescu and Giulia Daga 17

Part I: The WPS Agenda after 25 Years

1. Gender, Security and the WPS Agenda 23

1.1 Feminist theories of international relations and security studies 23

1.2 From theory to praxis: Reimagining foreign policy through feminist lenses 27

1.3 The United Nations’ trajectory 27

1.4 Implementing the Agenda: From National Action Plans to concrete practices 30

1.5 Reϐlections on the WPS Agenda from academia 32

References 33

2. Twenty-ϐive Years of Progress (?) 37

2.1 The impact of conϐlicts on women 37

2.2 The protection gap 39

2.3 The participation gap 41

2.4 Financing WPS: Persistent challenges and emerging opportunities 44

2.5 Assessing the Agenda: Women’s voices from the ϐield 47

References 49

Part II: Assessing the Agenda: Views from MWMN Mediators

3. Women Peacebuilders in Mediation Efforts: Challenges and Pathways for In- clusion 55

3.1 The barriers against women’s mediation 55

3.2 Women’s mediation on the ground: Achievements and obstacles 56

3.3 The (not always) enabling role of the international community 58

3.4 Challenges and opportunities ahead 58

References 59

4. How Women Mediators Overcome Resistance: Innovative Strategies from the Field 61

4.1 Contentious strategies 62

4.2 Non-contentious strategies 64

4.3 Changing the behaviour to change the attitude 66

References 67

5. How Technology Can Empower Women Peace Mediators 69

5.1 Expanding horizons through innovative technologies 70

5.2 Addressing cyber risks 72

5.3 The way forward 72

References 73

6. Intersecting Priorities: Advancing the WPS Agenda through Climate Security Initiatives 75

6.1 Women as disproportionately affected agents of change 75

6.2 Women mediators at the forefront of climate change and security 77

6.3 Integrating gender perspectives into climate security initiatives 79

References 81

Part III: The Role of the MWMN in Fostering Peace and Security across the Mediterranean

7. The Mediterranean Women Mediators Network: Evolution, Impact and Way Ahead 85

7.1 The evolution of the network 87

7.2 Areas of intervention 89

7.3 Impact and added value of the MWMN 97

7.4 How to tap the network’s potential 103

References 109

8. The MWMN’s Impact on National and Local Peace Processes 113

8.1 Turkey 114

8.2 Cyprus 118

8.3 Kosovo 121

8.4 Libya 127

8.5 Syria 133

8.6 Lebanon 139

8.7 Palestine and Israel 144

References 148

Part IV: Conclusions

9. Conclusions 155