Forewords 3

Executive summary 5

1 The €11.4 trillion water investment opportunity 6

1.1 The size of the global water infrastructure gap 7

1.2 Socio-economic impact assessment 10

2 Drivers of investment demand 12

2.1 Equitable access 14

2.2 Infrastructure resilience 17

2.3 Circularity and resource recovery 20

2.4 Innovation for efficiency 24

3 Key enablers to bridge the investment gap 26

3.1 Policy 28

3.2 Finance 31

3.3 Technology 35

3.4 Culture 37

Conclusion 38

Contributors 39

Endnotes 41