Abstract 3

Résumé 4

Acknowledgements 5

Executive Summary 8

1 Introduction 10

2 Current policy landscape 12

2.1 Review of Korea’s air quality policies reveals stringent domestic action 12

2.2 Review of Korea’s climate policies highlights its carbon neutrality ambitions 15

3 Policy scenarios to 2050 19

3.1 The net-zero policy package to 2050 21

3.2 The air quality policy package to 2050 22

3.3 The integrated net-zero and air quality policy package to 2050 23

4 Baseline projections 24

4.1 Decoupling economic growth and emissions 24

4.2 Enhanced policies are needed to mitigate environmental impacts 26

5 Impacts of enhanced climate and clean air action 29

5.1 Co-benefits and challenges of air quality and climate mitigation policies 29

5.2 Synergies in air quality and climate policies: comparable benefits and cost reduction 35

6 Discussion 38

References 39