Executive summary  1

Introduction  2

Challenges for the Netherlands  2

A European response?  2

A comparative analysis  3

Four nations and three capability shortfalls  3

Analysis  5

The policy perspective  6

Capability 1: Ground Based Air and Missile Defence  8

Denmark  9

Germany  9

Sweden  10

The Netherlands  10

General assessment  11

Capability 2: Land fires  12

Denmark  13

Germany  13

Sweden  14

The Netherlands  15

General assessment  15

Capability 3: Land manoeuvre formations  17

Denmark  18

Germany  19

Sweden  19

The Netherlands  20

General assessment  21

Conclusions and recommendations  23

Challenge 1: A window of vulnerability persists  23

Challenge 2: Non-European suppliers will remain important for specific capabilities  24

Challenge 3: Shortage in personnel remains a decisive constraint  24

Challenge 4: Technology, mass, and doctrine must be balanced  25

Challenge 5: Prevent future cost reductions from disproportionately eroding military capabilities  26

Challenge 6: Expanding land forces need higher level orchestration and coordination  27

Appendix A: Perspective for innovation  28

Ground-based Air Defence (GBAD)  28

Land Fires  29

Land manoeuvre formations  30