Acknowledgments 5

Foreword 7

1 Introduction 9

2 Integrating Nature-Based Solutions for Coastal Resilience in Investments and Policy 19

2.1 Define the Problem and Assess Benefits and Goals 19

2.2 Assess Suitability Considerations and Costs 20

2.3 Integrate NBS and Gray Infrastructure Using a System-Based Approach 21

2.4 Assess Where to Protect, Manage, or Restore, or Where to Construct Hybrid Solutions 21

2.5 Leverage the Scalability and Adaptive Capacity of NBS for Coastal Resilience 22

2.6 Adopt an Interdisciplinary and Cross-Sectoral Approach 23

3 THE CATALOGUE 29

3.1 Reader’s Guide 30

3.2 Coastal NBS Families 35

Muddy Shores 36

Sandy Shores (Beaches and Dunes) 66

Hinterlands 102

Coral Reefs 130

Shellfish Reefs 163

Mangrove Forests 192

Salt Marshes 224

Seagrass Meadows 256

Kelp and Other Seaweeds 286