Foreword 4

Esipuhe 5

Förord 6

Summary 7

Yhteenveto 8

Sammanfattning 9

1. Introduction 10

2. Europe needs a functioning secondary raw materials market 11

2.1 Current situation: from policy to practice 11

2.2 Impact pathways and priority policy levers for the Circular Economy Act 12

2.3 Actions for catalysing systemic change 15

3. European circular economy as part of a global economy 18

3.1 Current situation: Value chains are global 18

3.2 Impact pathways and priority policy levers for the Circular Economy Act 19

3.3 Actions for catalysing systemic change 20

4. Conclusions and recommendations 23

5. References 24