Acknowledgements 3

Editorial 8

ISO Codes 10

Executive Summary 12

1 Overview 17

1. Introduction 18

2. Priorities for foundational growth conditions: enabling factors 33

3. Shaping incentives for businesses and individuals 48

4. Guiding and supporting activities through targeted and sectoral policies 77

5. Structural reforms amid fiscal and political constraints 85

References 91

Annex 1.A. The F4GC policy prioritisation model 111

Annex 1.B. Estimating the short-term impact of structural reforms using local projections and differences-in-differences 115

Annex 1.C. List of indicators in the F4GC database 117

2 Country Notes 129

Argentina 130

Australia 134

Austria 138

Belgium 142

Brazil 146

Bulgaria 150

Canada 154

Chile 158

China 162

Colombia 166

Costa Rica 170

Croatia 174

Czechia 178

Denmark 182

Estonia 186

Finland 190

France 194

Germany 198

Greece 203

Hungary 207

Iceland 211

India 215

Indonesia 219

Ireland 223

Israel 227

Italy 231

Japan 235

Korea 239

Latvia 243

Lithuania 247

Luxembourg 251

Mexico 255

Netherlands 259

New Zealand 263

Norway 267

Peru 271

Poland 275

Portugal 279

Romania 283

Slovak Republic 287

Slovenia 291

South Africa 295

Spain 299

Sweden 303

Switzerland 307

Türkiye 311

United Kingdom 315

United States 319