Disclaimers -- 2

Summary and recommendations -- 3

Introduction -- 5

Theory: How do we measure gender pay gaps in public administration? -- 7

How are earnings measured? Who’s earnings count? -- 7

What data sources can be used? -- 13

Who should do the measuring? -- 18

How do we protect people? -- 20

Practice: Do gender pay gaps exist in public administrations? -- 22

Analysis: What explains gender pay gaps in public administrations? -- 25

How to look beyond headline gaps? -- 25

What key factors explain gender pay gaps? -- 26

Checklist: Priority considerations for measuring and monitoring gender pay gaps in public administrations -- 29

Data and methodology -- 29

Operational Guidance: a step-by-step approach in identifying and, where necessary, developing indicators on gender pay gaps -- 33

References -- 35

Notes -- 38