Title page 1

Contents 3

Summary 2

Introduction 4

Steam Coal and Met Coal 4

U.S. Coal Reserves 5

U.S. Coal Production 5

Demand for U.S. Coal 6

U.S. Coal Consumption 7

Coal Exports 9

U.S. Coal Mining Employment 11

U.S. Coal-Producing Industry 12

Coal Policy: Recent Activity 13

Legislation in the 119th Congress 13

Trump Administration Executive Actions 16

Author Information 17

Acknowledgments 17

Disclaimer 18

Tables 3

Table 1. Leading U.S. Coal Producers and Percentage of U.S. Coal Production 13

Figures 3

Figure 1. Average Annual Prices of Coal and Natural Gas, 1990-2023 7

Figure 2. U.S. Coal Production and Consumption, 2000-2024 8

Figure 3. Primary Energy Consumption by Source, 2000 and 2024 9

Figure 4. Coal Exports and Imports, 2000-2024 10

Figure 5. Coal Mining Employment, 1900-2023 11