Contents

3 Academic Editor’s Foreword

6 Introduction: The Power of AI

8 Chapter 1. Technological Power

in the Era of AI

13 Chapter 2. Infrastructure Power:

AI’s Material Foundations in Global Geopolitics

Mechanisms of Infrastructure Power

United States and China

Other Countries

20 Chapter 3. The ‘New Battlefi eld’ of the Mind

Synthetic Content

Information Visibility

AI-Control and State Intervention

What’s Next?

26 Chapter 4. Normative Power of AI

Club-Based Approach

Between Club-Based

and Universal Approaches

Universal Approach

31 Chapter 5. Strategic and Security Power

of Artifi cial Intelligence:

Dual-Use Dynamics and Military Transformation

Dual-Use as Structural Condition: From Civilian Innovation

to Military Capability

AI-Enabled Operations

Dual-Use Risks and AI Safety Concerns

Military AI Governance

Beyond the West: BRICS and World Majority Perspectives

36 Policy Recommendations: Governing AI as Power

Infrastructure