Scope of the report 4

Key messages 5

Global climate context 6

Regional climate 8

Temperature 8

Precipitation 10

Cryosphere 11

Snow 11

Glaciers 11

Oceans 13

Sea-surface temperature 13

Ocean heat content 13

Sea level 14

Ocean acidification 15

Extreme events 16

Heavy precipitation, floods and landslides 18

Drought 19

Heatwaves 20

Wildfires 20

Cold waves 20

Tropical cyclones 20

Marine heatwaves 21

Major climate drivers 22

Climate-related impacts and risks 23

Hurricane Melissa: The relevance of risk knowledge for efficient disaster risk reduction 23

Heat-related illness and mortality 25

Impacts on agriculture and food security associated with extreme climate events 26

Datasets and methods 27

Contributors 28

Endnotes 29