Preface 3

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 5

Executive summary 10

1 Introduction: Two key drivers shaping global supply chains, one digital backbone 12

2 The role of AI powered trade facilitation for supply chain efficiency and resilience 14

2.1. AI is transforming trade 14

2.2. AI can revolutionise trade facilitation 15

3 The enabling environment for AI in trade facilitation 19

3.1. Barriers affecting digital services 19

3.2. The regulatory environment underpinning electronic transactions 20

3.3. Digitalisation of border processes 22

3.4. Measures affecting cross-border data flows 24

3.5. The role of international co-operation 25

3.6. From digital to AI-enabled trade facilitation and resilient supply chains: The case of Korea 26

4 From efficient to environmentally performing supply chains 30

4.1. Environmental-related requirements in trade-related contexts 30

4.2. The implementation of environmental-related requirements has specific implications across

sectors 33

4.3. The requirements can have specific implications for stakeholders behind- and at-the-border 34

5 The implementation of environmental-related requirements through a trade facilitation lens 35

5.1. Technical interoperability in the context of environmental requirements across supply

chains 35

5.2. The role of international co‑ordination and co‑operation 37

6 Conclusions and policy observations 38

References 40

Notes 43