Preface 3

Executive summary 4

Introduction 6

1 Biodiversity and the impact of plastic pollution 8

1.1 Scale and scope of the challenge 9

1.2 Global governance – progressing but still patchy 10

1.3 Pathways for the impact of plastic pollution on biodiversity 11

1.4 Value of biodiverse ecosystems to societies and economies 14

2 The geography of impact 20

2.1 Geographic approach breaks silos and broadens stakeholder cooperation 21

2.2 Mapping where biodiversity is at greatest risk from plastic pollution 22

3 Risks to businesses and opportunities for engagement 27

3.1 Risks to businesses from exposure to plastic pollution 28

3.2 Upstream opportunities for private sector engagement 31

3.3 Downstream opportunities for private sector engagement 34

4 Opportunities for public sector engagement 39

4.1 Communities and civil society organizations 40

4.2 Cities and urban areas 44

4.3 Governments and municipalities 45

5 The case for joint action on biodiversity loss and plastic pollution 51

5.1 Five reasons to tackle plastic waste and biodiversity loss together 52

Conclusion and priority actions 55

Contributors 57

Endnotes 59