INTRODUCTION Rebuilding deterrence

Europe’s defence challenge 2

Luigi Scazzieri

CHAPTER 1 ‘We are ready right now’

How Russia would fight against the EU 5

Ondrej Ditrych

CHAPTER 2 Replacing the backbone

The challenges of moving away from US-led deterrence 14

Giuseppe Spatafora

CHAPTER 3 Europeanising deterrence

From capabilities to credibility 23

Luigi Scazzieri

CHAPTER 4 Securing the foundations of deterrence

Defending Europe requires breaking China’s chokehold over critical materials 32

Joris Teer

CHAPTER 5 From edge to core

Operating the whole defence ‘infostructure’ 39

Clotilde Bômont

CHAPTER 6 Underpinned by strength

The energy system and European resolve 47

Caspar Hobhouse

CHAPTER 7 Europeans’ preparedness and total defence

Building resolve against hybrid threats 54

Nad’a Kovalčíková

CONCLUSION From ambition to action

Resources, readiness and resolve 63

Steven Everts and Luigi Scazzieri

Abbreviations 68

Notes on the contributors 69