Contributing institutions to ETNC 6

List of authors 7

Executive Summary 8

EU: Shepherded by Brussels, Europe awakens to Chinese technology 20

Austria: Technological engagement with China not a priority, but present 29

Belgium: Technology relations with China under strategic and institutional Constraint 36

Czechia: Speaking security, experiencing exposure 42

Denmark: Caught between the de-risking doctrine and green tech pragmatism 49

Estonia: Unenthusiastic about tech relations with China, yet Huawei remains and Ponyai arrives 57

Finland: In search of a new balance between economic and security interests 65

France: Weighing technological sovereignty and competitiveness with China 73

Germany: From mutual benefit to existential competition with China 82

Hungary: Engagement over caution in cooperation with China 92

Ireland: Interlocking factors shape the approach to China in science-tech innovation 98

Italy: Biopharma, automotive and telecoms sectors are facing China’s technological power 107

Latvia: China’s limited role in the technological innovation strategy 115

Lithuania: Not exactly “free” of Chinese technology solutions yet 125

The Netherlands: Chipping away at technological dependencies on China and the cases of ASML and Nexperia 132

Poland: Policy in the making on China as a tech power 142

Portugal: Engaging China, but anchored in Europe 148

Romania: Timid embrace of the topic of China’s rise to a tech power 154

Slovakia: Seeking to climb China’s technology ladder 161

Slovenia: Navigating between agency and constraints in technological engagement with China 168

Spain: Balancing openness, risk management and industrial strategy in dealing with China’s technological rise 174

Sweden: National security at home, free trade abroad 180

United Kingdom: Long-standing technology ties increasingly securitised 186