1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  8

2 THE ECONOMICS OF THE NEW SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION  12

2.1 Why satellites?  12

2.2 Possible risks to existing GEO and emerging multi-orbit systems  16

2.3 The economics of satellite communications  18

2.3.1 Trade-offs between Satellite and Terrestrial Systems  19

2.3.2 Complementary Relationships and Synergies  20

2.3.3 Market dynamics and competitive evolution  20

2.4 Key satellite companies  24

2.4.1 Backhaul/satellite broadband services  25

2.4.2 Direct-to-device (D2D)  28

2.5 Satellite-based business and partnership models  34

2.5.1 Infrastructure provider model  34

2.5.2 Mobile network operator partnership model  35

2.5.3 Integrated platform model  35

2.5.4 Premium consumer integration model – Apple and Globalstar  36

2.5.5 Distributed partnership model  36

2.6 Satellite companies and MNOs: competitive strategies  37

3 THE STATE OF ASEAN REMOTE CONNECTIVITY  39

3.1 The ASEAN remote connectivity challenge  39

3.2 Current state of ASEAN remote connectivity  40

3.3 Satellite use cases for remote connectivity  45

3.4 Satellite use backhaul case study: Malaysia  48

4 SPECTRUM RELATED TO SATELLITE BROADBAND  50

4.1 Spectrum used to provide satellite broadband services  50

4.2 Spectrum used to provide D2D services  50

4.2.1 Use of MSS spectrum for D2D  51

4.2.2 Use of IMT spectrum for D2D  52

4.3 IoT spectrum  53

4.4 Public safety  54

4.5 Spectrum recommendations  54

5 REGULATORY AND LEGAL REVIEW  55

5.1 ASEAN regulatory overview  55

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS  58

6.1 The key issues for regulators in ASEAN  58

6.2 Regulatory recommendations  59

7 APPENDIX A - REGULATORY AND LEGAL REVIEW  65

8 APPENDIX B – FOREIGN COUNTRY EXEMPLARS  79