Disclaimers 2

Abstract 3

Acknowledgements 4

Reader’s guide 7

Acronyms 7

Abbreviations 8

Executive summary 9

Main findings 9

1 Introduction 11

2 AI has a transformative impact on businesses, work and digital societies 12

Firm-level AI adoption has widespread implications for society 12

AI is transforming jobs and labour markets 14

Jobs with greatest exposure to AI are not necessarily those with a high risk of automation 14

3 Individuals need a wide range of skills to thrive in digital societies 18

A mix of foundational, ICT and complementary skills are needed to thrive in digital environments 18

AI skills are in high demand, but workers with AI skills are still a small part of the overall workforce 19

Bridging skills gaps is an important societal imperative 20

4 The role of policies to shape skills for the AI age 22

Investing in the quality, equity and labour market relevance of education and training systems 22

Training ICT professionals through both formal education and lifelong learning 23

Encouraging employer-led training 24

Promoting AI literacy 26

Providing tailored support for displaced workers 27

Ensuring the right mix of skills for all 28

5 Conclusion 29

References 30

Notes 34