Glossary of abbreviations  5

1. Cybersecurity in ASEAN  7

1.1. A decade of cooperation  7

1.2. Institutional developments  7

Figure 1 on regional mechanisms on cybersecurity  8

1.3. National policy development to protect critical information infrastructure and digital security  8

Table 1: National policy developments in AMS  9

1.4. International summits and impact on regional cybersecurity  9

2. Key achievements of ACCS 2021–2025  10

Figure 2: Achievement of ACCS 2021–2025 dimensions, focus areas and initiatives (as of June 2025)  11

3. ASEAN and the cybersecurity landscape  13

3.1. ASEAN's digital transformation  13

3.2. Cybersecurity landscape  14

3.3. Operational Technology (OT) security  15

3.4. Artificial intelligence  15

3.5. Cloud technologies  15

3.6. Data breaches and unauthorised system intrusions  16

3.7. Quantum computing and cryptography  16

3.8. Fraud and online scams  17

3.9. Ransomware  17

4. ASEAN Cybersecurity Cooperation Strategy 2026–2030  18

Dimension 1: Strengthening cyber readiness  18

Dimension 2: Advancing regional policy coordination  22

Dimension 3: Embedding trust in the ecosystem  24

Dimension 4: Bolstering capacity building for the future  27

Dimension 5: Synergising cooperation  30

5. Annex  32

Dimension 1: Strengthening cyber readiness  32

Dimension 2: Advancing regional policy coordination  35

Dimension 3: Embedding trust in the ecosystem  37

Dimension 4: Bolstering capacity building for the future  39

Dimension 5: Synergising cooperation  41

6. References  43